Breast carcinoma has become one of the most frequently diagnosed life threatening cancer among women. Early detection of breast cancer is highly essential with the aid of non-contact imaging modalities. Recently, non-contact breast imaging methods based on fringe projection has been developed for breast surface change inspection. In this work, a non-contact digital fringe projection imaging modality that utilizes phase shifting fringe patterns for identifying surface changes has been developed for investigating breast surface changes caused by the presence of tumors. A medical grade prosthetic breast was used as the experimental subject and subjugated to breast changes through the enlargement of a round shaped silicon catheter as a tumor. The fringes were projected onto the breast surface based on the three steps phase shift fringe projection. The fringe patterns consisted of a large fringe width to enable the breast image to be confined in fewer fringe patterns. A resulting phase map was obtained where pixel coordinate marking was conducted on the phase map breast image. Each of the pixel’s coordinate was compared to identify the location of the surface changes. A range of 2-9 pixel coordinate shifts from the 0.5 – 2 cm tumor growth were obtained from the results which demonstrated the capability of using phase map analysis from digital fringe projection in identifying surface changes of the women’s breast.
Breast cancer is one of the fatal diseases and is one of the leading causes of death among women. Early screening for breast cancer is highly needed among women. Monitoring of the disease is also extremely vital for determining the best possible method of treatment. One of the most common symptoms of breast cancer is the breast surface change caused by the tumor within the breast. Shapes of the tumor vary among the patients, and some of the standard shapes of the tumor are round, oval, irregular, spiculated and microlobulated. Current common imaging modalities of diagnosing for breast tumor is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), ultrasound and mammography. The current imaging modalities have been known to diagnose the disease but also has its limitations due to exposure concerns. In this work, the changes of breast surface are analyzed using a proposed fringe projection imaging modality. Surface changes of the breast were analyzed with the presence of a round shape tumor varied from 0.5 cm to 2 cm. The fringe projection profilometry system has successfully demonstrated its ability in detecting the pixel coordinate changes of the breast surface caused by the size variation of the tumor.
The proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) is the most important joint of the finger and is one of the most common joints to be affected by hand osteoarthritis (OA) due to excessive usage of the hand. PIP injury which may lead to osteoarthritis occurs when the protective cartilage on the boundaries of the joint begins to wear off or simply by a hyperextension of the joint. Currently, in order to diagnose joint deformity of the hand OA, particular imaging modalities namely the X-ray scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used but has its limitations such as radiation concerns and can be quite expensive. In this work, a fringe projection profilometry system which comprises of an LCD projector, CCD camera, and a personal computer has been developed to analyze surface changes of the PIP joint. The central concept of this optical metrology system is to apply structured light as imaging source for surface change detection. The imaging source utilizes fringe patterns generated by C++ programming and is shifted using the 3 steps 2 shift method for obtaining the phase map image. Grayscale analysis and pixel tracing were applied to detect the deformation of the PIP joint on a live individual. The result has demonstrated a successful method of PIP joint deformation detection based on the pixel tracking differences of a static and deformed state of the PIP joint.
The overall performance of the Light-emitting diode, LED package is critically affected by the heat attribution. In this study, open source software - Elmer FEM has been utilized to study the thermal analysis of the LED package. In order to perform a complete simulation study, both Salome software and ParaView software were introduced as Pre and Postprocessor. The thermal effect of the LED package was evaluated by this software. The result has been validated with commercially licensed software based on previous work. The percentage difference from both simulation results is less than 5% which is tolerable and comparable.
KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Data modeling, Finite element methods, LED lighting, Light sources and illumination, Photonics, Integrated photonics, Data centers, Thermal modeling, Performance modeling, Thermal effects, Visual process modeling, Luminous efficiency, Defense and security, Lamps
The demand for the high Lumens output on the commercialized Light-emitting diode, LED bulb has resulted in the increase of operating power and generation of heat. A study on the thermal performance of commercialized LED bulbs was done by using Elmer finite element simulation method. The variation approach was limited to input power (2 Watt- 10 Watt) and the heat performance was compared. The result gives a comparison of the variation of the model and the heat distribution. Analysis showed that the input power and bulb geometry give direct effect on the junction temperature.
Optical sensing technique has inherited non-contact nature for generating 3D surface mapping where its application
ranges from MEMS component characterization, corrosion analysis, and vibration analysis. In particular, the digital
fringe projection is utilized for 3D mapping of objects through the illumination of structured light for medical application
extending from oral dental measurements, lower back deformation analysis, monitoring of scoliosis and 3D face
reconstruction for biometric identification. However, the usage of digital fringe projection for 3D mapping of human
breast is very minimal. Thus, this paper addresses the application of digital fringe projection for 3D mapping of breast
surface based on total non-contact nature. In this work, phase shift method is utilized to perform the 3D mapping. The
phase shifted fringe pattern are displayed through a digital projector onto the breast surface, and the distorted fringe
patterns are captured by a CCD camera. A phase map is produced, and phase unwrapping was executed to obtain the 3D
surface mapping of the breast. The surface height profile from 3D fringe projection was compared with the surface
height measured by a direct method using electronic digital vernier caliper. Preliminary results showed the feasibility of
digital fringe projection in providing a 3D mapping of breast and its application could be further extended for breast
carcinoma detection.
Early detection of breast carcinoma is vital for effective treatment option and to enhance the survival rate. Existing breast
imaging systems such as ultrasound, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been utilized for early
detection of breast carcinoma which requires contact with the breast surface. However, these existing methods require
contact to the breast surface, which causes discomfort to the test subject. Hence, there is a need for alternative modality,
which exhibits a total non-contact nature. Structured light profilometry has developed into a vital system with its
application in diverse fields of surface metrology analysis. Therefore, in this work structured light profilometry based on
phase shift technique is setup to analyze the surface variation of the breast due to the presence of a lesion in the context
of surface tension. The sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected through three step phase shift onto the surface of the breast,
and a resulting phase map is produced. Pixel tracing was performed to evaluate the variation of surface changes on the
breast based on surface marker coordinates. The comparison was made between breast with lump and breast without a
lump. Maiden results have established that the structured light profilometry is capable of detecting breast surface
changes at various locations on the breast.
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