Dr. Ralph B. James Profile

Dr. Ralph B. James

Associate Lab Director and Chief Research Officer

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Chair | Track Chair | Editor | Author

Area of Expertise:

Photon Detectors , Semiconductor Devices , X-Rays and Gammas , Solar Energy - PV , Electronic Materials , Instrumentation

Profile Summary

Ralph James served as the SPIE 2010 President.

Publications (145)

Proceedings Article | 4 October 2023 Presentation

Annealing effects of lead-free perovskite FA3Bi2I9 single crystals for radiation detection

Ge Yang, Doup Kim, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume PC12696, PC1269602 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677761

KEYWORDS: Perovskite, Crystals, Annealing, Materials properties, X-rays, Radiation injury, Lead, X-ray optics, X-ray imaging, X-ray characterization

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2023 Poster + Paper

CsPbBr3 perovskite single crystals for X- and gamma-radiation detectors

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, O. Kopach, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 12696, 126960K (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676107

KEYWORDS: Nickel, Crystals, Perovskite, Semiconductors, Resistance, Optical transmission, Chromium

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2023 Poster + Paper

Melting and crystallization peculiarities of Cd0.50Mn0.50Te solid solutions

Oleh Kopach, Vasylyna Kopach, Petro Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 12696, 126960J (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676357

KEYWORDS: Crystallization, Solids, Manganese, Cadmium, Tellurium, Alloys, Temperature metrology, Supercooling, Liquids, Thermal analysis

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2022 Poster + Paper

Electrophysical properties of photosensors based on radiation-resistant Hg2MnInTe6 crystals

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, V. Pylypko, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 12241, 122410L (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2632259

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Atomic force microscopy, Photodiodes, Resistance, Nanostructures, Transmittance, Surface finishing, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2022 Presentation

FA3Bi2I9: An emerging lead-free perovskite for radiation detection (Conference Presentation)

Doup Kim, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume PC12241, PC122410G (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2634650

KEYWORDS: Perovskite, Sensors, Germanium, Semiconductors, Nuclear engineering, Medical imaging, Manufacturing, Lead, Homeland security, Environmental sensing

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2022 Presentation

Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) and high-resolution X-ray diffraction study of traveling heater method (THM) grown Cd0.9Zn0.1Te0.98Se0.02 crystals (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Jonathon Baker, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume PC12241, PC122410A (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2635769

KEYWORDS: X-ray diffraction, Crystals, Luminescence, Crystallography, Selenium, Excitons, Compound semiconductors

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Presentation + Paper

A CdZnTeSe gamma spectrometer trained by deep convolutional neural network for radioisotope identification

Sandeep Chaudhuri, Joshua Kleppinger, Ritwik Nag, Kaushik Roy, Rojina Panta, Forest Agostinelli, Amit Sheth, Utpal Roy, Ralph James, Krishna Mandal

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183806 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596456

KEYWORDS: Nuclear radiation detection, Sensors, Gamma radiation, Spectroscopy, Monte Carlo methods, Convolutional neural networks, Neural networks, Compton scattering

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Poster + Paper

Radiation resistance of Hg3In2Te6 near-infrared photodiodes

V. Skliarchuk, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11838, 118381B (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595844

KEYWORDS: Photodiodes, Photodetectors, Ionizing radiation, Resistance, Indium, Crystals, Chromium, Tellurium, Metals, Nickel

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Poster + Paper

Thermodynamics and crystal growth of Cd1-x-yMnxZnyTe (x=0.10, 0.20, y=0.15)

V. Kopach, O. Kopach, L. Shcherbak, P. Fochuk, A. E. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183819 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594545

KEYWORDS: Manganese, Zinc, Tellurium, Cadmium, Crystals, Solids, Thermodynamics, Semiconductors, Thermal analysis

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2021 Poster + Paper

High radiation resistant crystals for x-ray and γ-radiation detectors

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James, Z. Zakharuk

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183817 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594082

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Mercury, Resistance, Sensors, Tellurium, Semiconductors, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Electrons, Optical testing

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

Arrays of position-sensitive Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma ray imaging

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Gabriella Carini, Alfred Dellapenna, Jack Fried, Grzegorz Deptuch, Justine Haupt, Sven Herrmann, Ralph James, Alexander Moiseev, Giovanni Pinaroli, Makoto Sasaki, Eric Yates

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183803 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596696

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gamma ray imaging, Imaging arrays, Signal detection, Sensor performance, Detector arrays, Spectroscopy, Space telescopes, Prototyping, Gamma-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

Development of Ga2O3 materials for enabling nuclear radiation detection

Ge Yang, Jacob Blevins, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183811 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2596453

KEYWORDS: Nuclear radiation detection, Scintillation, Sensors, Semiconductors, Semiconductor materials, Scintillators, Materials processing, Doping

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

Optimization of CZTS gamma-ray detectors

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11838, 1183804 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2595962

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gamma radiation, Sensor performance, Tellurium, Semiconductors, Selenium, Particle accelerators, Medical imaging, Homeland security, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Poster

Characterization of laser epitaxial layers and heterostructures on the base of CdTe and Cd1-xMnxTe crystals

Viсtor Strebezhev, Petro Fochuk, Olena Maslyanchuk, Ivan Yuriychuk, Victoria Pylypko, Volodymyr Strebezhev, Sergiy Nichyi, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11494, 114941E (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2569534

KEYWORDS: Laser crystals, Crystals, Heterojunctions, Sensors, Transparency, Laser therapeutics, Electronics, Semiconductors, Laser applications, Epitaxy

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2020 Poster + Paper

The effect of laser treatment on the morphology of graphene/CdTe x-ray and γ-ray detectors

Olena Maslyanchuk, Viktor Strebezhev, Petro Fochuk, Ihor Fodchuk, Mykola Sorokatyi, Aleksey Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11494, 1149418 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2570634

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Graphene, Sensors, Multilayers, X-ray detectors, Resistance

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2019 Presentation

Evolution of dislocation/stacking fault defects during two-step annealing (Conference Presentation)

Kihyun Kim, Eunhye Kim, Yonghoon Kim, Beomjun Park, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11114, 1111403 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531675

KEYWORDS: Annealing, Tellurium, Transmission electron microscopy, Cadmium, Sensors, Backscatter

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

Mechanisms contributing to dark current across metal/CdMnTe/metal structures

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, S. Solodin, Z. Zakharuk, A. Rarenko, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11114, 111141V (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2530444

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Tellurium, Optical testing, Resistance, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation

Position-sensitive Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for gamma-ray spectroscopy and imaging (Conference Presentation)

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gianluidgi De Geronimo, Anwar Hossain, Luis Ocampo Giraldo, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11114, 111140S (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528317

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy, Gamma radiation, Spectroscopy, Calibration, Gamma ray imaging, Crystals, Spectral resolution, Image resolution, Prototyping

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Recently we evaluated spectral performance of virtual Frisch-grid (VFG) CdZnTe (CZT) detectors which offer an economical and robust design for high-efficiency detectors for gamma spectroscopy and imaging. We developed and tested several arrays prototypes coupled to a front-end ASIC. Each detector in the array module operates as a mini time-projection chamber offering high energy and position resolution. Previously we reported high-energy resolution of <0.9% FWHM at 662 keV achieved with the individual detectors and the whole arrays. We employ learning algorithms based on extensive detector calibrations to reconstruct positional information and use this information to correct detectors’ response non-uniformities due to the presence of crystal defects and enhance the spectral resolution of the array. In this work, we evaluated the position resolution achievable with virtual Frisch-grid CZT detectors, which is important for making high-resolution imaging instruments. Based on our measurements, we conclude that <100-micron resolution is achievable with these detectors on a small scale. However, it would require very accurate calibrations to ensure such resolution for the entire detector’s volume due to local variations of the electric field. High spectral and position resolution of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CZT detectors make them attractive for a variety of applications including gamma-ray astronomy, medical and industrial imaging, environmental cleanup, nuclear safeguards and security. The arrays consisted of VFG detectors fabricated from 6x6x20 or 5x7x25 mm3 CZT crystals acquired from Redlen, Inc. The detectors have a simple design. Each crystal, furnished with two gold contacts on the top and bottom surfaces (the anode and the cathode) is encapsulated inside the ultra-thin polyester shell for electrical insulation and mechanical protection of the detector as we previously described. The shell tightly envelops the crystal and holds in place two CuBe flat-spring contacts on the cathode and the anode faces. 4.5-mm wide pads, cut from copper adhesive foil, are attached over the shell near the anode side. The detectors were placed vertically on the detector board and gently pressed from the top using the cathode board having the decoupling capacitors and resistors. The anode spring contacts touch the designated anode pads on the board, while the charge-sensing pads were soldered to the board contacts. The signals generated by the incident photons on the anodes, cathodes and 4 position-sensing pads were routed to the corresponding front ASIC inputs (charge-sensitive preamplifiers). The decoupling circuitries are required for reading the signals from cathodes, which were biased at 2500-3000 V. The ASIC used in these measurements allowed us to capture the signals from individual cathodes, anodes and pads. To calculate the normalized X and Y coordinates, we used the center of gravity method. For the Z coordinate we used the C/A ratio. As we described it previously, this approximation is sufficient to for correcting the response non-uniformity. The measured XYZ values constitute a configuration space, which correlates to the spatial variations in the measured anode signals. Thus, by segmenting the XYZ space into small voxels we sort out the signals corresponding to each of them and apply correction accordingly using a 3-dimensional correction matrix (CM) generated during calibration. For comparison purposes, we also apply drift-time corrections, along the Z direction, which are called 1D correction. The detectors calibration was done for several temperatures and using several gamma ray lines. For calibration we collected the pulse-height spectra from known gamma ray sources and use them to evaluate the channels’ baselines, gains and the 3D correction matrixes for each detector.

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

Ab initio GGA+U investigations of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Cd1-xMnxTe alloy

I. Yuriychuk, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11114, 111141Q (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529263

KEYWORDS: Manganese, Tellurium, Cadmium, Magnetism, Ferromagnetics, Chemical species, Magnetic semiconductors, Ions, Crystals, Electrons

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

High temperature Hall-effect investigations of Cd0.85Mn0.10Zn0.05Te crystals

V. Kopach, O. Kopach, A. Kanak, L. Shcherbak, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 11114, 111141P (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2529066

KEYWORDS: Cadmium, Zinc, Manganese, Tellurium, Crystals, Temperature metrology, Indium, Annealing, Control systems, Magnetic semiconductors

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 2019 Presentation

Mini gamma camera based on photon-counting Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors (Conference Presentation)

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Anwar Hossain, Luis Ocampo Giraldo, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 11027, 110270G (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520151

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Cameras, Photodetectors, Imaging spectroscopy, Gamma radiation, Crystals, Spectroscopy, Gamma-ray astronomy, Medical imaging, Information security

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation

CdZnTeSe: An emerging room-temperature semiconductor detector material (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Ge Yang, Ralph James, Jakub Zázvorka, Václav Dedic, Jan Franc

Proceedings Volume 10762, 107620P (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2324148

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Semiconductor materials, Semiconductors, Crystals, Yield improvement, Selenium, Detector development, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2018 Presentation

4x4 array of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors for imaging and spectroscopy of gamma-ray sources (Conference Presentation)

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Jack Fried, Diedra Hodges, Anwar Hossain, Luis Ocampo, Ge Yang, Emerson Vernon, Ralph Jamese

Proceedings Volume 10762, 107620M (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323492

KEYWORDS: Imaging spectroscopy, Sensors, Gamma radiation, Image sensors, Spectroscopy, Crystals, Spectroscopes, Cameras, Gamma-ray astronomy, Medical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2018 Paper

Properties of Cd0.90-xMnxZn0.10Te (x = 0.10, 0.20) crystals grown by Vertical Bridgman method

V. Kopach, O. Kopach, A. Kanak, L. Shcherbak, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 10762, 1076212 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2320676

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Tellurium, Manganese, Cadmium, Zinc, Semiconducting wafers, Quartz, Carbon, Temperature metrology, Crystallography

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2017 Presentation

Cs2LiCeCl6: An intrinsic scintillator for dual gamma and neutron detector applications (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Anwar Hossain, Ge Yang, Ralph James, Steven Hunter, Patrick Beck, Nerine Cherepy, Stephen Payne

Proceedings Volume 10392, 103920O (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2276956

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Scintillators, Crystals, Homeland security, Spectroscopes, Sensor performance, Scattering, Material characterization, Semiconductors

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2017 Presentation

Crystal growth of CdZnTeSe (CZTS) gamma detectors: a promising alternative to CdZnTe (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Ge Yang, Anwar Hossain, Ralph James, Jakub Zazvorka, Václav Dedic, Jan Franc, Vincenzo Lordi, Joel Varley

Proceedings Volume 10392, 103920Y (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2276955

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Selenium, Tellurium, Sensor performance, Semiconductors, Scintillators

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2017 Presentation

Arrays of position sensitive virtual Frisch-grid detectors (Conference Presentation)

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Rubi Gul, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Jack Fried, Ge Yang, Anwar Hossain, Luis Ocampo Giraldo, Emerson Vernon, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 10392, 103920P (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275966

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gamma radiation, Gamma ray imaging, Crystals, Energy efficiency, Cameras, Prototyping, Semiconductor materials, Hard x-rays, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 19 September 2017 Presentation

Sub-pixel resolution in pixelated CdZnTe gamma ray detectors with different pixel sizes (0.5 mm to 1.72 mm) using a focused laser beam (Conference Presentation)

Luis Ocampo Giraldo, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Rubi Gul, Jack Fried, Anwar Hossain, Kenan Unlu, Emerson Vernon, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 10392, 103920V (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275429

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Image resolution, Gamma radiation, Signal processing, Spatial resolution, Crystals, Cadmium, Zinc, Electronics, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2017 Paper

A compact energy-independent CZT-based gamma camera

Youngho Seo, Yonggang Cui, Paul O'Connor, Qiu Huang, Ralph James, Debasis Mitra, Hui Pan

Proceedings Volume 10393, 103930S (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2279408

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Collimators, Solid state electronics, Sensors, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

Vertical Bridgman growth and characterization of Cd0.95-xMnxZn0.05Te (x=0.20, 0.30) single-crystal ingots

V. Kopach, O. Kopach, L. Shcherbak, P. Fochuk, Svitlana Filonenko, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 10392, 1039214 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2271767

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Cadmium, Thermal analysis, Solids, Optoelectronics, Zinc

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Proceedings Article | 8 June 2017 Presentation

Achieving subpixel resolution with time-correlated transient signals in pixelated CdZnTe gamma-ray sensors using a focused laser beam (Conference Presentation)

Luis Ocampo Giraldo, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Rubi Gul, Jack Fried, Anwar Hossain, Kenan Unlu, Emerson Vernon, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 10229, 1022907 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2264615

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Image resolution, Crystals, Signal processing, Gamma radiation, Cadmium, Zinc, Electronics, Sensor performance, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Feasibility study of a position-sensitive hemispheric CZT radiation detector (Conference Presentation)

Anwar Hossain, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Utpal Roy, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996814 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240001

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrodes, 3D metrology, Data acquisition, Crystals, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Using the TOF method to measure the electron lifetime in long-drift CdZnTe detectors (Conference Presentation)

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Eric Chen, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Václav Dedic, Gianluigi De Geronimo, Jack Fried, Anwar Hossain, Jason MacKenzie, Paul Sellin, Saeid Taherion, Emerson Vernon, Ge Yang, Uri El-hanany, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996812 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240091

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electric field sensors, Noble gases, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Measurements on semiconductor and scintillator detectors at the Advanced Light Source (Conference Presentation)

Giuseppe Camarda, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Anwar Hossain, Utpal Roy, Ge Yang, Ralph James, Peter Vanier

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996810 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240169

KEYWORDS: Scintillators, Semiconductors, Sensors, Light sources, X-ray detectors, X-ray diffraction, Visualization, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Identification of dopant-induced point defects and their effect on the performance of CZT detectors (Conference Presentation)

Rubi Gul, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Václav Didic, Stephen Egarievwe, Anwar Hossain, Utpal Roy, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996818 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240331

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Indium, Crystals, Spectroscopy, Sensor performance, Compound semiconductors, Gamma radiation, Electric field sensors, Germanium, Hard x-rays

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Point defects in Cd1-xZnxTe1-ySey crystals grown by using Bridgman growth and traveling heater method (Conference Presentation)

Rubi Gul, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Stephen Egarievwe, Anwar Hossain, Utpal Roy, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996815 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240318

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrons, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Growth and characterization of Cd1-xZnxSeyTe1-y for radiation detector applications (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonngong Cui, Rubi Gul, Anwar Hossain, Ge Yang, Ralph James, Jakub Zázvorka, Václav Dedic, Jan Franc

Proceedings Volume 9968, 99680L (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240430

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Selenium, Crystals, Particles, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Growth of Cs2LiCeCl6 Crystals and their response to gamma-rays and thermal neutrons (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Anwar Hossain, Ge Yang, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9968, 996805 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2238762

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Gamma radiation, Sensors, Lithium, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 2 November 2016 Presentation

Evaluation of ZnO:Al as a contact material to CdZnTe for radiation detector applications (Conference Presentation)

Utpal Roy, Giuseppe Camarda, Yonggang Cui, Rubi Gul, Anwar Hossain, Ge Yang, Ralph James, Aswini Pradhan, Rajeh Mundle

Proceedings Volume 9968, 99680O (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2240393

KEYWORDS: Metals, Sensors, Aluminum, Zinc oxide, Electrodes, Germanium, Hard x-rays, Gamma radiation, Physics, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2015 Paper

Influence of the thickness of a crystal on the electrical characteristics of Cd(Zn)Te detectors

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, I. Rarenko, Z. Zakharuk, O. Sklyarchuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9593, 959319 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187478

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Resistance, Indium, Solids, Metals, Semiconductors, Electric field sensors, X-ray detectors, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2015 Paper

Response function of planar Cd(Zn)Te detectors to beta radiation

Alexandr Zakharchenko, Alexandr Rybka, Leonid Davydov, Vladimir Kutny, Manap Khazhmuradov, Petro Fochuk, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9593, 959318 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187202

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Optical filters, Monte Carlo methods, Lead, Gamma radiation, Aluminum, Amplifiers, Strontium, Calibration, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 26 August 2015 Paper

Regularities in the melting and crystallization of CdTe-Al alloys

A. Kanak, O. Kopach, P. Fochuk, L. Shcherbak, I. Nakonechnyi, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9593, 95931B (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187488

KEYWORDS: Aluminum, Crystals, Solid state physics, Solids, Thermal analysis, Homogenization, Liquids, Doping, Chemical species, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2014 Paper

Characterization of cadmium manganese telluride (Cd1-xMnxTe) crystals grown by floating zone method

A. Hossain, G. Gu, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, R. Gul, U. Roy, G. Yang, T. Liu, R. Zhong, J. Schneeloch, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92131N (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063357

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Tellurium, Manganese, Semiconducting wafers, Cadmium, Gamma radiation, Etching, X-rays, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Spectroscopic response of Cd(Zn)Te radiation detectors with a Schottky diode

Alexandr Zakharchenko, Leonid Davydov, Anna Skrypnyk, Alexandr Rybka, Vladimir Kutny, Manap Khazhmuradov, Petro Fochuk, Valery Sklyarchuk, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92131C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2060403

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gamma radiation, Spectroscopy, Diodes, Energy efficiency, Monte Carlo methods, Physics, Computer simulations, Computer programming, Semiconductor materials

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

CdTexSe1-x: a potential candidate for room-temperature radiation detector applications

U. Roy, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, G. Yang, R. Tappero, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92130F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063174

KEYWORDS: Selenium, Crystals, Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Tellurium, Zinc, Quartz, X-rays, Single crystal X-ray diffraction, Image transmission

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Chemical treatment of CdZnTe radiation detectors using hydrogen bromide and ammonium-based solutions

Ifechukwude Okwechime, Stephen Egarievwe, Anwar Hossain, Zaveon Hales, Alexander Egarievwe, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92130Y (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2063067

KEYWORDS: Polishing, Surface finishing, Sensors, Hydrogen, Semiconducting wafers, Cadmium, Tellurium, X-rays, Photoemission spectroscopy, Zinc

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Purification of p-type CdTe crystals by thermal treatment

P. Fochuk, I. Rarenko, Z. Zakharuk, Ye. Nykoniuk, V. Shlyakhovyj, A. Bolotnikov, Ge Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92131H (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2062763

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Cadmium, Tellurium, Diffusion, Annealing, Scattering, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Aluminum, Chlorine

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2014 Paper

Mechanisms of the passage of dark currents through Cd(Zn)Te semi-insulating crystals

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, I. Rarenko, Z. Zakharuk, O. Sklyarchuk, Ye. Nykoniuk, A. Rybka, V. Kutny, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 9213, 92131G (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2062754

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Semiconductors, Absorption, Electrons, Chromium, Tellurium, Indium, Zinc, Crystallography

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

The energy dependence of the sensitivity for planar CdZnTe gamma-ray detectors

Alexandr Zakharchenko, Anna Skrypnyk, Manap Khazhmuradov, Alexandr Rybka, Vladimir Kutny, Petro Fochuk, Valery Sklyarchuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8852, 88521B (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2022593

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Gamma radiation, Monte Carlo methods, Electromagnetism, Absorption, Compton scattering, Calibration, Electrons, Measurement devices, Detection and tracking algorithms

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Differential thermal analyses of Cd0.95-xMnxZn0.05Te alloys

V. Kopach, O. Kopach, L. Shcherbak, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8852, 88521D (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2022837

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Thermal analysis, Supercooling, Solids, Semiconductors, Magnetic semiconductors, Zinc, Magnetism, Manganese, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Characterization of CdTe and (CdZn)Te detectors with different metal contacts

J. Pekárek, E. Belas, R. Grill, Š. Uxa, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8852, 88521F (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023233

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Metals, Semiconductors, Electric field sensors, Gamma radiation, Surface finishing, Wet etching, Etching, X-rays, N-type semiconductors

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Modeling of a slanted-hole collimator in a compact endo-cavity gamma camera.

Mark Kamuda, Yonggang Cui, Terry Lall, Jim Ionson, Giuseppe Camarda, Anwar Hossain, Ge Yang, Utpal Roy, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 8853, 88530L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026854

KEYWORDS: Collimators, Sensors, 3D image reconstruction, Cameras, 3D image processing, Monte Carlo methods, Computer simulations, Tumors, Gamma radiation, Device simulation

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Raman analysis of Zn(1-x)Mn(x)Te polycrystalline films

O. Klimov, D. Kurbatov, A. Opanasyuk, V. Kosyak, V. Kopach, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8852, 88521G (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023280

KEYWORDS: Raman spectroscopy, Manganese, Solids, Phonons, Thin films, X-rays, Crystals, Zinc, Statistical analysis, X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Effect of side-surface passivation on the electrical properties of metal-Cd(Zn)Te-metal structures

V. Sklyarchuk, P. Fochuk, Z. Zakharuk, R. Grill, V. Kutny, A. Rybka, D. Nakonechny, A. Zakharchenko, Ye. Nykoniuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8852, 88521I (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023879

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Semiconductors, Crystals, Resistance, Electric field sensors, P-type semiconductors, N-type semiconductors, Indium, Surface finishing, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Growth and characterization of CdTeSe for room-temperature radiation detector applications

U. Roy, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, G. Yang, R. James, A. Fauler, M. Fiederle, M. Sowinska, G. Hennard, P. Siffert

Proceedings Volume 8852, 885210 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027081

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrons, Image transmission, Selenium, Crystallography, X-ray diffraction, Luminescence, Infrared microscopy, Microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2013 Paper

Structural and substructural features of chemically deposited zinc oxide thin films

A. Opanasyuk, T. Berestok, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8823, 88230Q (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023238

KEYWORDS: Zinc oxide, Zinc, Thin films, Crystals, X-rays, Reflection, Thin film deposition, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Some structural and optical properties of thin and thick CdTe and CdxMn1-xTe films

A. Opanasyuk, P. Koval, V. Kosyak, P. Fochuk, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8507, 85071K (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929017

KEYWORDS: Manganese, Thin films, Crystals, Sensors, Optical properties, X-rays, Solids, Diffraction, Semiconductors, Crystallography

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Registration of high-intensity electron and x-ray fields with polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors

L. Davydov, A. Rybka, A. Vierovkin, S. Dudnik, V. Gritsyna, V. Kutny, O. Opalev, V. Shevchenko, I. Shlyahov, V. Strelnitsky, A. Tenishev, V. Uvarov, R. James, A. Bolotnikov, P. Fochuk

Proceedings Volume 8507, 85071N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929291

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal detection, Diamond, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Chemical vapor deposition, Electron beams, Resistance, Semiconductors, Silicon

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Transport properties and spectrometric performances of CdZnTe gamma-ray detectors

Alexandr Zakharchenko, Alexandr Rybka, Vladimir Kutny, Anna Skrypnyk, Manap Khazhmuradov, Petro Fochuk, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 8507, 85071I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.928567

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Monte Carlo methods, Gamma radiation, Data modeling, Absorption, Sensor performance, Electron transport, Electroluminescence, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

High-temperature treatment of In-doped CZT crystals grown by the high-pressure Bridgman method

P. Fochuk, I. Nakonechnyi, O. Kopach, Ye. Verzhak, O. Panchuk, V. Komar, Igor Terzin, Vladimir Kutnij, A. Rybka, Yevhen Nykoniuk, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, K. Kim, G. Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8507, 85071L (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929035

KEYWORDS: Cadmium, Crystals, Annealing, Indium, Tellurium, Palladium, Resistance, Zinc, Infrared imaging, Chemical species

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2012 Paper

Growth of CZT using additionally zone-refined raw materials

David Knuteson, Andre Berghmans, David Kahler, Brian Wagner, Matthew King, Sean Mclaughlin, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James, Narsingh Singh

Proceedings Volume 8507, 85070X (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.929982

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Semiconducting wafers, Tellurium, Cadmium, Zinc, Power supplies, Raw materials, Sensors, Switches, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2012 Paper

Characterization of CdZnTe crystals and radiation detectors

J. Butcher, M. Hamade, M. Petryk, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, R. Gul, A. Hossain, K. Kim, G. Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8358, 83581M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.916951

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Synchrotrons, Light sources, Sensor performance, Polarization, X-ray detectors, X-rays, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 28 September 2011 Paper

Melting and cooling processes in CdTe-ZnTe near the CdTe-rich side

Larysa Shcherbak, Oleh Kopach, Petro Fochuk, Andriy Kanak, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 8142, 81421L (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.897628

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Solids, Supercooling, Semiconductors, Liquids, Thermal analysis, Zinc, Germanium, Tin, Liquid phase epitaxy

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Proceedings Article | 28 September 2011 Paper

Effects of thermal annealing on the structural properties of CdZnTe crystals

G. Yang, A. Bolotnikov, P. Fochuk, Y. Cui, G. Camarda, A. Hossain, K. H. Kim, J. Horace, B. McCall, R. Gul, O. Kopach, S. Egarievwe, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8142, 814217 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894961

KEYWORDS: Annealing, Tellurium, Crystals, Infrared imaging, Cadmium, Sensors, Thermal effects, X-ray diffraction, Chemical species, Zinc

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2011 Paper

Effects of the networks of subgrain boundaries on spectral responses of thick CdZnTe detectors

A. Bolotnikov, J. Butcher, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, S. Egarievwe, P. Fochuk, R. Gul, M. Hamade, A. Hossain, K. Kim, O. Kopach, M. Petryk, B. Raghothamachar, G. Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8142, 814206 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896223

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, X-ray microscopy, X-rays, Clouds, Infrared sensors, Infrared microscopy, Microscopy, X-ray detectors, Tellurium

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2011 Paper

Hybrid contacts for CZT virtual Frisch-grid detectors

G. Camarda, A. Bolotnikov, W. Chan, Y. Cui, R. Gul, A. Hossain, K. Kim, G. Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 8142, 814202 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896682

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Electrodes, Electric field sensors, Metals, Signal attenuation, Crystals, Signal detection, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2011 Paper

Development of CdZnTe radiation detectors

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Anwar Hossain, Ki Hyun Kim, Ge Yang, Rubi Gul, Yonggang Cui, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 8191, 819129 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.901077

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Crystals, Tellurium, Sensor performance, X-ray detectors, Infrared microscopy, Infrared imaging, X-ray imaging, X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Thermographic analyses of the growth of Cd1-xZnxTe single crystals

Larysa Shcherbak, Oleh Kopach, Petro Fochuk, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 7805, 78051B (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.862055

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Zinc, Solids, Sensors, Supercooling, Liquids, Gamma radiation, Tellurium, Thermal analysis, Process control

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Array of virtual Frisch-grid CZT detectors with common cathode readout and pulse-height correction

A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, S. Egarievwe, P. Fochuk, M. Fuerstnau, R. Gul, A. Hossain, F. Jones, K. Kim, O. Kopach, R. Taggart, G. Yang, Z. Ye, L. Xu, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7805, 780504 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861775

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Semiconducting wafers, Tellurium, Electrodes, Signal attenuation, Signal detection, 3D equipment, Clouds, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Extended defects in As-grown CdZnTe

L. Xu, A. Bolotnikov, A. Hossain, K-H. Kim, R. Gul, G. Yang, G. Camarda, L. Marchini, Y. Cui, R. James, Y. Xu, T. Wang, W. Jie

Proceedings Volume 7805, 78051O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.860731

KEYWORDS: Tellurium, Crystals, Sensors, Sensor performance, Head, Infrared microscopy, Infrared imaging, Single crystal X-ray diffraction, Microscopy, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Study on thermal annealing of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) crystals

G. Yang, A. Bolotnikov, P. Fochuk, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, K. Kim, J. Horace, B. McCall, R. Gul, L. Xu, O. Kopach, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7805, 780507 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861372

KEYWORDS: Annealing, Tellurium, Cadmium, Crystals, Infrared imaging, Sensors, Chemical species, Zinc, Crystallography, Quartz

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Proceedings Article | 27 August 2010 Paper

Detector performance of ammonium-sulfide-passivated CdZnTe and CdMnTe materials

K. Kim, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, L. Marchini, G. Yang, A. Hossain, Y. Cui, L. Xu, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7805, 78051U (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861543

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Sensor performance, Crystals, Tellurium, Gamma radiation, Electrodes, X-rays, Interfaces, Manganese, Electric field sensors

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2009 Paper

Characterization of a 15-mm-long virtual Frisch-grid CZT detector array

A. Bolotnikov, S. Babalola, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, S. Egarievwe, P. Fochuk, M. Hirt, A. Hossain, K. Kim, O. Kopach, N. Sferrazza, J. Sturgess, K. Polack, B. Raghothamachar, G. Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7449, 744909 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826900

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrodes, Semiconducting wafers, Signal detection, Gamma radiation, Tellurium, Infrared microscopy, Microscopy, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2009 Paper

Simulation of electric field profile in semi insulating Au/CdZnTe/Au detector under flux

J. Franc, R. Grill, R. James, J. Kubát, E. Belas, P. Moravec, P. Hoschl, P. Praus

Proceedings Volume 7449, 74490A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.829271

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrodes, Absorption, Gold, Electric field sensors, Dielectrics, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Iterative methods, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2009 Paper

Electric field distribution of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors

G. Yang, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, K. Kim, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7449, 74490C (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.826909

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electric field sensors, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Crystals, Cadmium, Zinc, Synchrotrons, Polarizers, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2009 Paper

Effect of Te inclusions on internal electric field of CdMnTe gamma-ray detector

Oluseyi Stephen Babalola, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Stephen Egarievwe, Anwar Hossain, Arnold Burger, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 7449, 74491A (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.830214

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Tellurium, Sensors, Electric field sensors, Infrared imaging, Algorithm development, Gamma radiation, Manganese, Visualization, Polarizers

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2008 Paper

High spatial resolution x-ray mapping of CdZnTe detectors

G. Yang, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7079, 70791D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796595

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Tellurium, Sensors, X-ray detectors, Semiconducting wafers, Sensor performance, Spatial resolution, Crystals, X-ray imaging, Photography

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2008 Paper

Effect of chemical etching on the surface roughness of CdZnTe and CdMnTe gamma radiation detectors

A. Hossain, S. Babalola, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, G. Yang, M. Guo, D. Kochanowska, A. Mycielski, A. Burger, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7079, 70791E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796797

KEYWORDS: Surface finishing, Crystals, Etching, Polishing, Sensors, Wet etching, Atomic force microscopy, Surface roughness, Infrared imaging, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2008 Paper

Defect measurements of CdZnTe detectors using I-DLTS, TCT, I-V, C-V and gamma-ray spectroscopy

R. Gul, Z. Li, R. Rodriguez, K. Keeter, A. Bolotnikov, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7079, 70790U (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797865

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrons, Spectroscopy, Crystals, Gamma radiation, Capacitance, Oscilloscopes, Pulsed laser operation, Lithium, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2008 Paper

Spectral responses of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors and their relation to IR microscopy and x-ray diffraction topography data

A. Bolotnikov, S. Babalola, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, S. Egarievwe, P. Fochuk, R. Hawrami, A. Hossain, J. James, I. Nakonechnyj, Ge Yang, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7079, 707903 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796232

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrons, Tellurium, X-rays, Infrared microscopy, X-ray detectors, Microscopy, Signal detection, Electrodes

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Proceedings Article | 4 September 2008 Paper

CdMnTe crystals for x-ray and gamma-ray detection

Y. Cui, A. Bolotnikov, A. Hossain, G. Camarda, A. Mycielski, G. Yang, D. Kochanowska, M. Witkowska-Baran, R. James

Proceedings Volume 7079, 70790N (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.793366

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Gamma radiation, Manganese, Cadmium, X-ray diffraction, Sensor performance, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2007 Paper

Recrystallization of ceramic material fabricated from Cd1-xZnxTe

N. Kolesnikov, E. Borisenko, D. Borisenko, V. Kveder, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6706, 67061B (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.730937

KEYWORDS: Ceramics, Tellurium, Zinc, Cadmium, Annealing, Sensors, Helium, Particles, Ionizing radiation, Silica

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2007 Paper

Optimization of virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe detector designs for imaging and spectroscopy of gamma rays

A. Bolotnikov, N Abdul-Jabbar, S. Babalola, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, E. Jackson, H. Jackson, J. James, A Luryi, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6706, 670603 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.736654

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrodes, Imaging spectroscopy, Gamma radiation, Signal detection, Spectroscopy, Cesium, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2007 Paper

Large-volume high-resolution cadmium zinc telluride radiation detectors: recent developments

H. Chen, S. Awadalla, K. Iniewski, P. Lu, F. Harris, J. Mackenzie, T. Hasanen, W. Chen, R. Redden, G. Bindley, Irfan Kuvvetli, Carl Budtz-Jørgensen, P. Luke, M. Amman, J. Lee, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6706, 670602 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.738793

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Zinc, Semiconducting wafers, Cadmium, Homeland security, Image resolution, Medical imaging, X-rays, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2007 Paper

Characterizations and measurements of CZT material: novel techniques and results

G. Camarda, N. Abdul-Jabbar, S. Babalola, A. Bolotnikov, Y. Cui, A. Hossain, E. Jackson, H. Jackson, J. James, A. Luryi, M. Groza, A. Burger, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6706, 670605 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.739604

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, X-rays, Infrared imaging, X-ray detectors, Tellurium, Collimation, Laser crystals, X-ray diffraction, Microscopes

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2007 Paper

Effectiveness of electrostatic shielding and electronic subtraction to correct for the hole trapping in CdZnTe semiconductor detectors

A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, A. Hossain, Y. Cui, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6540, 65401F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.717681

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electrodes, Electrons, Signal detection, Semiconductors, Ionization, Gamma radiation, Crystals, Energy efficiency, Signal generators

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2006 Paper

High spatial-resolution imaging of Te inclusions in CZT material

G. Camarda, A. Bolotnikov, G. Carini, Y. Cui, K. Kohman, L. Li, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6319, 63190Z (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682720

KEYWORDS: Tellurium, Crystals, Sensors, Infrared imaging, Imaging systems, Algorithm development, Spatial resolution, CCD cameras, Microscopes, Sensor performance

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2006 Paper

Te inclusions and their relationship to the performance of CdZnTe detectors

G. Carini, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, Y. Cui, H. Jackson, A. Burger, K. Kohman, L. Li, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6319, 631906 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682982

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Tellurium, Crystals, Sensor performance, Infrared imaging, X-rays, Semiconductors, Synchrotrons, Gamma radiation, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2006 Paper

The effects of Te precipitates on measurable characteristics of CdZnTe detectors

A. Bolotnikov, M. Black, G. Camarda, G. Carini, Y. Cui, K. Kohman, L. Li, M. Salomon, R. James

Proceedings Volume 6319, 631903 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682715

KEYWORDS: Tellurium, Sensors, X-rays, Clouds, Crystals, Particles, Infrared microscopy, X-ray detectors, Collimation, Microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2006 Paper

Effects of material improvement on CZT detectors

Muren Chu, S. Terterian, D. Ting, G. Carini, G. Camarda, A. Bolotnikov, R. James, D. Xu, Z. He

Proceedings Volume 6319, 631905 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683980

KEYWORDS: Tellurium, Cadmium, Sensors, Zinc, Crystals, Gamma radiation, Mercury cadmium telluride, Infrared radiation, Infrared sensors, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2006 Paper

Measurements of electron mobility-lifetime product and surface recombination velocity of Cd1-xZnxTe radiaton detectors for different surface processing conditions

Yunlong Cui, Michael Groza, Utpal Roy, Arnold Burger, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 6319, 63190C (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.682356

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Surface finishing, Crystals, Sensor performance, Polishing, Gamma radiation, Gold, Velocity measurements, Wet etching, Solids

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Proceedings Article | 22 September 2005 Paper

CdTe ceramics based on compression of the nanocrystal powder

N. Kolesnikov, E. Borisenko, D. Borisenko, R. James, V. Kveder, V. Gartman, B. Gnesin

Proceedings Volume 5922, 59220V (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613099

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Ceramics, Sensors, Transmittance, Laser optics, Semiconductors, Nanocrystals, Infrared radiation, Group II-VI semiconductors, Single crystal X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2005 Paper

New results from testing of coplanar-grid CdZnTe detectors

G. Carini, A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, G. De Geronimo, D. Siddons, G. Wright, R. James

Proceedings Volume 5922, 59220M (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618075

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Synchrotrons, Light sources, Spatial resolution, Electric field sensors, Gamma radiation, Cesium, Clouds, Amplifiers

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2005 Paper

Performance studies of CdZnTe detector by using a pulse shape analysis

A. Bolotnikov, G. Camarda, G. Carini, M. Fiederle, L. Li, G. Wright, R. James

Proceedings Volume 5922, 59220K (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618355

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Signal detection, X-rays, Shape analysis, Signal attenuation, Clouds, Signal generators, Crystals, Detection and tracking algorithms, Photons

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2005 Paper

The effects of precipitates on CdZnTe device performance

G. Camarda, A. Bolotnikov, G. Carini, L. Li, G. Wright, R. James

Proceedings Volume 5922, 592204 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.619812

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Tellurium, X-ray detectors, Crystals, Raster graphics, Infrared sensors, Collimation, Infrared microscopy, Microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

Large-size CdZnTe (Zn=10%) radiation detector materials and device performance

Longxia Li, Fengying Lu, Chun Lee, Marc Black, Ralph James, H. Walter Yao, Arnold Burger, Michael Groza, Richard Olsen, Leonard Cirignano, Donald Ouimette

Proceedings Volume 5540, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.566740

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Indium, Crystals, Sensor performance, Electronics, Cadmium, Lithium, Energy efficiency, Electrons, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

Study of growth defects in CZT and their influence on detector uniformity

Giuseppe Camarda, Gabriella Carini, Zhong Zhong, D. Siddons, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Gomez Wright, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 5540, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.562813

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Infrared imaging, Laser crystals, X-rays, Collimation, Sensor performance, X-ray diffraction, Raster graphics, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

New results from performance studies of Frisch-grid CdZnTe detectors

Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gabriella Carini, Gomez Wright, Douglas McGregor, Walter McNeil, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 5540, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.563393

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Electrons, Signal detection, Cesium, Metals, Surface finishing, Electrodes, Gamma radiation, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

Characterization of coplanar grid CZT detectors with highly collimated x-ray beam

Gabriella Carini, Aleksey Bolotnikov, Giuseppe Camarda, Gomez Wright, Gianluigi De Geronimo, D. Siddons, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 5540, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.565012

KEYWORDS: Sensors, X-rays, Collimation, X-ray characterization, Synchrotrons, X-ray detectors, Gamma radiation, Light sources, Electrodes, Amplifiers

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Proceedings Article | 20 January 2004 Paper

Effects of surface roughness on large-volume CdZnTe nuclear radiation detectors and removal of surface damage by chemical etching

Gomez Wright, Giuseppe Camarda, Edson Kakuno, Longxia Li, Fengying Lu, Chun Lee, Arnold Burger, Jack Trombka, D. Siddons, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 5198, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.510180

KEYWORDS: Polishing, Sensors, Bromine, Gold, Surface finishing, Metals, Crystals, Silicon carbide, Etching, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 20 January 2004 Paper

New progress in large-size CZT single-crystal growth for nuclear radiation detectors

Longxia Li, Fengying Lu, Chun Lee, H. Walter Yao, Arnold Burger, M. Groza, G. Wright, Ralph James, Richard Olsen, Paul Luke, Kanai Shah, Leonard Cirignano, Michael Squillante, Donald Ouimette

Proceedings Volume 5198, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.507745

KEYWORDS: Cadmium, Crystals, Sensors, Indium, Doping, Lithium, Gamma radiation, Nuclear radiation, Semiconducting wafers, Sodium

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Proceedings Article | 10 January 2003 Paper

Effects of p/n inhomogeneity on CdZnTe radiation detectors

Muren Chu, Sevag Terterian, David Ting, Ralph James, Marek Szawlowski, Gerald Visser

Proceedings Volume 4784, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.457056

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Tellurium, Cadmium, Gamma radiation, Indium, Photons, Mercury cadmium telluride, Spectroscopy, Photoresistors

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Proceedings Article | 10 January 2003 Paper

Development of a large single-crystal (3-inch ingot) CdZnTe for large-volume nuclear radiation detectors

Longxia Li, Fengying Lu, Chun Lee, Gomez Wright, David Rhiger, Sanghamitra Sen, Kanai Shah, Michael Squillante, Leonard Cirignano, Ralph James, Arnold Burger, Paul Luke, Richard Olson

Proceedings Volume 4784, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453826

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Tellurium, Zinc, Cadmium, Nuclear radiation, Gamma radiation, Gold, X-rays, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 10 January 2003 Paper

HPVB- and HPVZM-shaped growth of CdZnTe, CdSe, and ZnSe crystals

Nikolai Kolesnikov, Ralph James, Nadejda Berzigiarova, Mihail Kulakov

Proceedings Volume 4784, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450814

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Zinc, Cadmium, Tellurium, Diffusion, Manufacturing, Argon, Sensors, Metals, Binary data

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Proceedings Article | 18 December 2001 Paper

Surface treatments and their effects on the performance of Cd1-xZnxTe radiation detectors

Yunlong Cui, G. Wright, K. Kolokolnikov, C. Barnett, K. Reed, U. Roy, Arnold Burger, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4507, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450751

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Crystals, Sensor performance, Gamma radiation, Surface finishing, Gold, Zinc, Tellurium, Luminescence, Cadmium

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Proceedings Article | 18 December 2001 Paper

Detector performance crystallinity and impurity study of cadmium zinc telluride crystals grown from the melt

Haim Hermon, Michael Schieber, M. Factor, Tuviah Schlesinger, Ralph James, H. Yoon, Mark Goorsky

Proceedings Volume 4507, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450757

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Cadmium, Crystallography, Zinc, X-ray diffraction, Sensor performance, Tellurium, Luminescence, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 18 December 2001 Paper

Tellurium antisites in CdZnTe

Muren Chu, Sevag Terterian, David Ting, Ralph James, Jay Erickson, H. Walter Yao, Terrance Lam, Marek Szawlowski, Richard Szczebiot

Proceedings Volume 4507, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450755

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Tellurium, Cadmium, Sensors, Indium, Zinc, Doping, Electrons, Gamma radiation, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Characterization of multi-element CZT arrays

Leonard Cirignano, Kanai Shah, Paul Bennett, Longxia Li, Fengying Lu, Joseph Buturlia, H. Walter Yao, Gomez Wright, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407600

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Collimation, Multi-element lenses, Gamma radiation, Detector arrays, Chemical elements, Particles, Chlorine, Floods, X-rays

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Modeling and experimental results of CdxZn1-xTe detector response

Michael Watson, Kaushik Chattopadhyay, Damian Hillman, Damon Hillman, Arnold Burger, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407598

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Electronics, Electrons, Statistical modeling, Absorption, Computer simulations, Instrument modeling, Electrodes, X-ray detectors, Gamma radiation

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Evaluation of NH4F/H2O2 effectiveness as a surface passivation agent for Cd1-xZnxTe crystals

Gomez Wright, Ralph James, Douglas Chinn, Bruce Brunett, Richard Olsen, John Van Scyoc, W. Miles Clift, Arnold Burger, Kaushik Chattopadhyay, Detang Shi, Robert Wingfield

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407594

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Dielectrics, Oxides, Gold, Semiconductors, Resistance, Photoresist materials, Surface finishing, Tellurium, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Nuclear microprobe studies of the electronic transport properties of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) radiation detectors

Gyorgy Vizkelethy, Barney Doyle, David Walsh, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407579

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Particles, Electric field sensors, Signal detection, Electrodes, Ion beams, Ions, Cadmium, Zinc, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Characterization of CZT detectors grown from horizontal and vertical Bridgman

Haim Hermon, Michael Schieber, Mark Goorsky, Terrance Lam, Evgenie Meerson, H. Walter Yao, Jay Erickson, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407580

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Sensors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, X-ray diffraction, X-ray detectors, Chlorine, Digital x-ray imaging, X-ray imaging, Single crystal X-ray diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Thermal treatments of CdTe and CdZnTe detectors

Kaushik Chattopadhyay, X. Ma, Jean-Olivier Ndap, Arnold Burger, Tuviah Schlesinger, Corin Greaves, Howard Glass, J. Flint, Ralph James

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407595

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Annealing, Temperature metrology, Sensor performance, Gold, Crystals, Interfaces, Heat treatments, Spectroscopy, Luminescence

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Proceedings Article | 21 November 2000 Paper

Contactless measurements of charge traps and carrier lifetimes in detector-grade cadmium zinc telluride and mercuric iodide

Gary Tepper, Royal Kessick, Ralph James, Lodewijk Van den Berg

Proceedings Volume 4141, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.407568

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Microwave radiation, Ionization, Zinc, Sensor performance, Semiconductors, Cadmium, Temperature metrology, Spectroscopy, Pulsed laser operation

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