As an alternative to traditional adaptive optics systems, wavefront shaping techniques show promise in controlling light propagation through turbulent channels. This study explores the feasibility of measuring the transmission matrix and using it to enhance communication in turbulent conditions.
Bandwidth requirements on adaptive optics systems to be deployed with a view to improving the performance of communications and energy delivery to, or from, fast-moving airborne platforms are much higher than for stationary systems used e.g. in astronomy. This means that both the wavefront sensor and the deformable mirror or phaser shifter must operate at significantly higher frame rates that are currently possible with standard devices. In this presentation, focus is placed on novel wavefront sensors which can fulfill these high bandwidth requirements.
The effectiveness of free-space laser communications is limited due to wavefront deformations caused by atmospheric optical turbulence. To determine these deformations, we propose a wavefront sensor that utilizes the angular selectivity of an optical transmission filter to measure the first derivative of the wavefront.
The transmission filter converts the gradients of the incident wavefront into an intensity distribution. For each direction (x and y) this distribution is captured twice, with different angles between filter and optical axis for each measurement. The contrast of both measurements (calculated for each pixel of the used detector) and the local gradients of the wavefront (averaged across each pixel) has a nearly linear relation. To reconstruct the wavefront from the obtained local gradients, algorithms developed for the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor are used. Simulations demonstrate the applicability of the sensor in atmospheric turbulence. For the experimental proof of concept, we have designed and fabricated volume Bragg gratings (VBG) as angular selective filters. The VBGs were implemented in an optical testbed to evaluate the sensor response to wavefront tilts.
KEYWORDS: Free space optics, Receivers, Digital signal processing, Data transmission, Turbulence, Telecommunications, Atmospheric turbulence, Retroreflectors, Optical coherence
Free-space optical communications systems offer increased data rates and improved channel security in comparison to conventional radio frequency systems for wireless communications. By using the coherent properties of laser light, coherent communication systems have arisen in laser links as a means to increase the data rates. One method of coherent communication is based on the Kramers-Kronig coherent receiver which can retrieve phase information from intensity-only measurements using digital signal processing. As atmospheric turbulence in the optical path will degrade the signal quality in a free-space optical link, the Kramers-Kronig method was tested in an outdoor free-space optical path with data rates on the order of Gbit/s. This free-space optical link was used to record simultaneously the laser spot on a camera, the bit error rate of the received signal, and the average optical power hitting the photodetector after propagation through turbulence. All three measurements were synchronized in an attempt to correlate the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the Kramers-Kronig coherent receiver method.
In deep-space optical communications, one particular challenge encountered at the ground receiver side are the wavefront deformations caused by atmospheric turbulence. This gives rise to reduced signal-to-background ratios and signal fades, especially during daytime. Background rejection is therefore a fundamental requirement for optical links operating in the low-photon-count regime with a strong solar background. Both, spectral and spatial filtering subsystems are essential for this application. To this end, we have analyzed several spectral filters and wavefront sensing approaches. In laboratory experiments, a combination of a bandpass filter and a Fabry-Pérot etalon delivered the required bandwidth of 0.17 nm and transmission of 90%, while a SWIR Shack-Hartmann sensor, combined with custom-built wavefront reconstruction software, directed the adaptive optics loop. We have obtained improvements in the Strehl ratio for signal-to-background ratios down to 0.2
KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Single mode fibers, Atmospheric turbulence, Digital signal processing, Free space optical communications, Retroreflectors, Free space optics
The development of coherent free-space optical communications (FSOC) systems could provide an opportunity for significantly increased data rates and improved security compared to conventional radio frequency (RF) systems in the domain of wireless communications. One key challenge in the implementation of FSOC systems is the characterization and mitigation of atmospheric turbulence present in the optical channel. In this work, we present experiments demonstrating coherent free-space optical communications over an outdoor free-space link with data rates on the order of gigabits per second (Gbit/s). By simultaneously recording the laser spot of the received signal and the bit error ratio (BER) in the link, we measure both, the strength of atmospheric turbulence and the quality of data transmission, in an attempt to quantify the effect of the former on the latter.
In deep-space optical communications, one particular challenge encountered at the ground receiver side are the wavefront deformations caused by atmospheric turbulence. This gives rise to reduced signal-to-background ratios and signal fades, especially during daytime links. Background rejection is therefore a fundamental requirement for optical links operating in the low-photon-count regime during the day. Both, spectral and spatial filtering subsystems are essential for this application. To this end, we have analyzed several wavefront sensing modalities including: Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, holographic wavefront sensing, and wavefront sensorless adaptive optics. The insights gained through simulations were used to drive the design of the laboratory-based demonstrator, which exhibited very similar performance improvements due to high-order correction as in the simulations, despite noise levels of the same magnitude as the signal.
KEYWORDS: Turbulence, Free space optics, Telecommunications, Retroreflectors, Receivers, Transceivers, Digital signal processing, Single mode fibers, Telescopes, Free space optical communications
Coherent free-space optical (FSO) communications systems offer both an opportunity for significantly increased data rates and improved security compared to conventional radio frequency (RF) systems. A key challenge in implementing FSO systems is the characterization and mitigation of atmospheric turbulence present along the optical channel. In this work, we present experiments demonstrating coherent free-space optical communications over a two-pass 800 m link with data rates on the order of gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The link consists of a single telescope and retroreflector. At the start/end point of the monostatic link we have built an optical transceiver capable of coherent communications. We present here design considerations and results from transmission in moderate turbulence.
We present several solutions to problems particular to adaptive optics for free-space laser-based communications. Specifically, for scenarios where strong scintillation is present, we have developed a digital, adaptable Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, as well as the modal holographic wavefront sensor based on the Karhunen-Loève modes. Additionally, using the same modal basis and optimization algorithms from deep learning, we have improved upon stochastic parallel gradient descent wavefront-sensorless approach. For underwater communications, we have set up a water tank and demonstrated real-time adaptive optics in the visible. For deep-space downlinks, we have investigated several wavefrontsensing modalities with respect to their robustness to very low signal-to-background ratios expected during daytime. We also present results of data transmission experiments using coherent modulation over a 400-m double-pass horizontal link.
Retro-reflectors often find use in long-range laser propagation experiments. They double the propagation distance and cancel atmospheric tip/tilt alleviating the hardware requirements on the laser transceiver system. On the other hand, the effects that a retro-reflector can have on collimated or focused laser beams have not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, for use in combination with beams carrying orbital angular momentum, which become increasingly popular in free-space optical communications, retro-reflector’s effect must also be analysed. Demodulation efficiency of a communications system based on such beams is very sensitive to the fidelity of helical wavefronts and therefore retroreflector’s effect on both amplitude and phase for collimated and focused orbital angular momentum beams should be studied.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.