Dr. Robert B. Hindsley Profile

Dr. Robert B. Hindsley

at US Naval Research Lab

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (36)

Proceedings Article | 9 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Many interesting things are afoot at the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer

G. van Belle, J. Armstrong, J. Benson, E. Baines, R. Bevilacqua, T. Buschmann, J. Clark, W. DeGroff, J. Hall, R. Hindsley, A. Jorgensen, A. Lindgren, D. Mozurkewich, M. Muterspaugh, S. Pooler, S. Restaino, H. Schmitt, P. Shankland, R. Zavala

Proceedings Volume 10701, 1070105 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314204

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Interferometers, Mirrors, Electron multiplying charge coupled devices, Observatories, Avalanche photodetectors, Precision optics, Interferometry, Beam splitters

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Proceedings Article | 4 August 2016 Paper

Paper

The new classic instrument for the navy precision optical interferometer

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, J. T. Armstrong, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, D. Mozurkewich, G. van Belle

Proceedings Volume 9907, 990725 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232682

KEYWORDS: Precision optics, Interferometers, Computing systems, Electronics, Human-machine interfaces, Signal to noise ratio, Telescopes, Ultraviolet radiation, Stars, Spectrographs

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SPIE Journal Paper | 3 June 2013 Open Access

Open Access

Small glints as an aid for imaging geosats using an optical Michelson interferometer

Robert Hindsley, John Armstrong, Henrique Schmitt, Ellyn Baines

JARS, Vol. 7, Issue 01, 073549, (June 2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.7.073549

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Interferometers, Michelson interferometers, Telescopes, Satellite imaging, Sun, Photometry, Ocean optics, Earth observing sensors, Interferometry

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Simulated imaging with an interferometer on a boom

Henrique Schmitt, David Mozurkewich, J. Thomas Armstrong, Anders Jorgensen, Ellyn Baines, Sergio Restaino, Robert Hindsley, Gerard van Belle

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84452P (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926707

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Asteroids, Interferometers, Interferometry, Stars, Optical fibers, Device simulation, Satellite imaging, Satellites, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2012 Paper

Paper

Interferometric imaging of geostationary satellites: signal-to-noise considerations

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, D. Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, S. Restaino, R. Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 8445, 84452M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925953

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Interferometers, Telescopes, Satellite imaging, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometry, Astronomy, Image resolution, Astronomical telescopes, Photons

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Interferometric imaging of geostationary satellites

J. T. Armstrong, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, H. Schmitt, S. Restaino, A. Jorgensen, D. Mozurkewich

Proceedings Volume 8385, 83850D (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919381

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Interferometry, Satellites, Interferometers, Satellite imaging, Visibility, Spatial frequencies, Space telescopes, Optical interferometry, Fourier transforms

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Proceedings Article | 25 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Precise altitude measurements of LEO objects with simultaneous observations by multiple telescopes

Henrique Schmitt, Robert Hindsley, J. Thomas Armstrong, Ellyn Baines

Proceedings Volume 8385, 838512 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.919556

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Space telescopes, Satellites, Space reconnaissance, Optical telescopes, Stars, Solids, Physics, Analytical research, Satellite navigation systems

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Comparing the sensitivities of intensity interferometry and Michelson interferometry

J. T. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, H. Schmitt, S. Restaino, R. Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 8165, 81650Z (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894039

KEYWORDS: Interferometry, Telescopes, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometers, Photons, Sensors, Visibility, Artificial intelligence, Precision optics, Michelson interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Simulated optical interferometric observations of geostationary satellites

Henrique Schmitt, David Mozurkewich, Sergio Restaino, J. Thomas Armstrong, Ellyn Baines, Robert Hindsley, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 8165, 81650T (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893863

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Satellites, Space telescopes, Satellite imaging, Earth observing sensors, Interferometry, Interferometers, Optical simulations, Image resolution, Optical arrays

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

An imaging interferometer for compact sources

D. Mozurkewich, J. T. Armstrong, R. Hindsley, A Jorgensen, S. Restaino, H. Schmitt

Proceedings Volume 8165, 81650X (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893476

KEYWORDS: Interferometers, Satellites, Telescopes, Optical fibers, Wavefront sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Space telescopes, Sensors, Interferometry, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2010 Paper

Paper

Observations of a geosynchronous satellite with optical interferometry

J. Armstrong, R. Hindsley, S. Restaino, R. Zavala, J. Benson, F. Vrba, D. Hutter, S. Gregory, H. Schmitt, J. Andrews, C. Wilcox

Proceedings Volume 7818, 78180L (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861439

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Stars, Interferometers, Interferometry, Satellite imaging, Optical interferometry, Telescopes, Data modeling, Observatories, Satellite navigation systems

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Coherent integration results from the NPOI

A. Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, J. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, E. Baines, R. Hindsley, D. Hutter, S. Restaino

Proceedings Volume 7734, 77342Q (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858298

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Signal to noise ratio, Stars, Solids, Phase measurement, Spectrographs, Calibration, Spectral resolution, Data modeling, Precision measurement

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Observations of binaries with the NPOI

Henrique Schmitt, J. Thomas Armstrong, Anders Jorgensen, Ellyn Baines, Robert Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 7734, 77343G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858307

KEYWORDS: Binary data, Calibration, Visibility, Stars, Phase measurement, Spectrographs, Optical interferometry, Analytical research, Prototyping, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 2010 Paper

Paper

Detection of a geostationary satellite with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer

J. Armstrong, R. Hindsley, H. Schmitt, F. Vrba, J. Benson, D. Hutter, R. Zavala

Proceedings Volume 7734, 77343C (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.858283

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Sun, Interferometers, Solar cells, Data modeling, Satellite navigation systems, Observatories, Telescopes, Prototyping, Satellite communications

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2009 Paper

Paper

Observations of a geosynchronous satellite with optical interferometry

J. T. Armstrong, R. Hindsley, S. Restaino, J. Benson, D. Hutter, F. Vrba, R. Zavala, S. Gregory, H. Schmitt

Proceedings Volume 7468, 74680K (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825301

KEYWORDS: Satellites, Telescopes, Interferometers, Interferometry, Optical interferometry, Earth observing sensors, Visibility, Observatories, Visualization, Satellite imaging

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Practical coherent integration with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, Henrique Schmitt, Robert Hindsley, J. Thomas Armstrong, Thomas Pauls, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 7013, 70131E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790305

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Stars, Calibration, Phase measurement, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric modeling, Sensors, Photons, Solids, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Solving the imaging problem with coherently integrated multiwavelength data

H. Schmitt, T. Pauls, J. T. Armstrong, D. Mozurkewich, A. Jorgensen, R. Hindsley, C. Tycner, R. Zavala, J. Benson, D. Hutter

Proceedings Volume 7013, 70131H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789487

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Calibration, Coherence imaging, Radio optics, Data integration, Interferometry, Radio interferometry, Observatories, Integrated optics

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

NPOI: recent progress and future prospects

Donald Hutter, James Benson, Tim Buschmann, Michael DiVittorio, Robert Zavala, Kenneth Johnston, J. Thomas Armstrong, Robert Hindsley, Henrique Schmitt, James Clark, Sergio Restaino, Christopher Tycner, Anders Jorgensen, Sam Davis

Proceedings Volume 7013, 701306 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787486

KEYWORDS: Stars, Interferometry, Control systems, Visibility, Telescopes, Observatories, Mirrors, Interferometers, Calibration, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 2008 Paper

Paper

Measurements of binary stars with coherent integration of NPOI data

Anders Jorgensen, H. Schmitt, R. Hindsley, J. T. Armstrong, T. Pauls, D. Mozurkewich, D. Hutter, C. Tycner

Proceedings Volume 7013, 701342 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.790290

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Calibration, Binary data, Phase measurement, Data modeling, Solids, Data integration, Interferometers, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Characterization of the NPOI fringe scanning stroke

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, James Murphy, Marc Sapantaie, J. Thomas Armstrong, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, Henrique Schmitt, Donald Hutter

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62684A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672839

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Visibility, Heterodyning, Solids, Interferometers, Laser metrology, Spectrographs, Bragg cells, Polarization, Data acquisition

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We report on the results of an experiment to characterize the fringe scanning stroke on the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) Fast Delay Line (FDL) strokes. The measurements were carried out during three days April 11-13, 2005 at the NPOI site near Flagstaff, AZ. The NPOI uses a heterodyne metrology laser system in its operations. It consists of a HeNe laser with a 2 MHz heterodyne component generated by an Acousto-Optic Modulator (AOM). One polarization is used as the 2 MHz clock, and the other is sent through the feed system twice and bounces off the piezo stroke modulators. We sampled both signals at 50 MHz, and obtained stroke and cart combined motion at the frequency of the stroke modulated 2 MHz heterodyne signal. By counting zero-crossings in the reference and feed system signals, a rough position (to a wavelength) can be obtained. This can be further refined to the few-nanometer level by measuring the relative phases of the reference and feed system signals. This results in approximately 4000 positions measurements per 2 ms stroke with a precision of approximately 1 nm. We recorded stroke positions for approximately 500 strokes (1 s), for all but one of the six FDLs, under a variety of conditions: different stroke amplitudes, different cart speeds, and different cart positions in the FDLs. We then analyzed these data from a total of 100 tests to understand the deviation of the actual stroke from the ideal stroke. We found that the mean stroke differs from the ideal stroke, and that consecutive strokes differ from each other. We computed the effect of the non-ideal stroke on the science data. A non-ideal stroke results in leakage of fringe power between fringe frequencies. This leakage is not significant during most normal operations of the NPOI. However, when the squared visibilities of baselines on the same spectrograph differ by large amounts (a factor of 10), care should be taken. Ideally, High- and low-visibility baselines should be placed on different spectrographs.

Proceedings Article | 28 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Using differential phases in optical interferometry

Henrique Schmitt, Thomas Pauls, Christopher Tycner, J. Thomas Armstrong, James Benson, James Clark, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, Deane Peterson, Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Zavala

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62683B (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672396

KEYWORDS: Stars, Calibration, Phase interferometry, Optical interferometry, Observatories, Beryllium, Interferometers, Analytical research, Prototyping, Phase measurement

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Toward complex visibilities using optical interferometry: multiwavelength phase referencing

Thomas Pauls, Henrique Schmitt, Christopher Tycner, J. Thomas Armstrong, James Benson, James Clark, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, Anders Jorgensen

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62680W (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671881

KEYWORDS: Stars, Visibility, Beryllium, Calibration, Optical interferometry, Interferometers, Phase interferometry, Observatories, Interferometry, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

Paper

Coherent integrations, fringe modeling, and bootstrapping with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, Dave Mozurkewich, Henrique Schmitt, J. Thomas Armstrong, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, Deane Peterson

Proceedings Volume 6268, 62681H (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.672829

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Visibility, Atmospheric modeling, Calibration, Phase measurement, Solids, Stars, Instrument modeling, Data modeling, Interferometers

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Atmospheric turbulence is a major impediment to ground-based optical interferometry. It causes fringes to move on ms time-scales, forcing very short exposures. Because of the semi-random phase shifts, the traditional approach averages exposure power spectra to build signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This incoherent average has two problems: (1) A bias of correlated noise is introduced which must be subtracted. The smaller the visibility/the fainter the target star, the more diffcult bias subtraction becomes. SNR builds only slowly in this case. Unfortunately, these most difficult small visibility baselines contain most of the image information. (2) Baseline phase information is discarded. These are serious challenges to imaging with ground based optical interferometers. But if we were able to determine fringe phase, we could shift and integrate all the short exposures. We would then eliminate the bias problem, improve the SNR, and we would have preserved most of the phase information. This coherent averaging becomes possible with multi-spectral measurements. The group delay presents one option for determining phase. A more accurate approach is to use a time-dependent model of the fringe. For the most interesting low-visibility baselines, the atmospheric phase information can be bootstrapped from phase determinations on high-visibility baselines using the closure relation. The NPOI, with 32 spectral channels and a bootstrapping configuration, is well-suited for these approaches. We will illustrate how the fringe modeling approach works, compare it to the group-delay approach, and show how these approaches can be used to derive bias-free visibility amplitude and phase information. Coherent integration provides the highest signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement precisely in the situations where SNR builds most slowly using incoherent averaging. Coherent integration also produces high-SNR phase measurements which are calibration-free and thus have high real uncertainties as well. In this paper we will show how to coherently integration on NPOI data, and how to use baseline visibilities and calibrate coherently integrated visibility amplitudes.

Proceedings Article | 23 June 2006 Paper

Paper

The Navy prototype optical interferometer: recent developments since 2004

K. Johnston, J. Benson, D. Hutter, C. Tycner, R. Zavala, N. White, J. Armstrong, T. Pauls, G. Gilbreath, R. Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 6268, 626806 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.673779

KEYWORDS: Stars, Interferometers, Observatories, Prototyping, Beryllium, Spectroscopy, Metrology, Fourier transforms, Analytical research, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

NPOI: recent technology and science

James Benson, Donald Hutter, Kenneth Johnston, Robert Zavala, Nathaniel White, Thomas Pauls, G. Gilbreath, J. Armstrong, Robert Hindsley

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550957

KEYWORDS: Metrology, Stars, Mirrors, Optical alignment, Observatories, Interferometers, Beryllium, Aluminium phosphide, Prototyping, Time metrology

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

H-alpha observations using closure phases at the NPOI

G. Gilbreath, Thomas Pauls, J. Armstrong, David Mozurkewich, James Clark, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.555221

KEYWORDS: Stars, Beryllium, Calibration, Platinum, Ultraviolet radiation, Phase measurement, Interferometers, Optical filters, Visibility, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Precision narrow-angle astrometry of binary stars with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer

J. Armstrong, James Clark, G. Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, David Mozurkewich, Thomas Pauls

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.553062

KEYWORDS: Stars, Planets, Interferometry, Binary data, Interferometers, Spectroscopy, Prototyping, Observatories, Optical interferometry, Visibility

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Optical drift test of the long delay line stations on the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer

James Clark, James Murphy, Long Ha, Joshua Walton, James Howard, J. Armstrong, G. Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550889

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Ocean optics, Light emitting diodes, Prototyping, Interferometers, Optical testing, Cameras, Optical tracking, Mirror mounts

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Alignment of vacuum feed stations on the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer

James Clark, James Murphy, Long Ha, Joshua Walton, James Howard, J. Armstrong, G. Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.550867

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Optical alignment, Light emitting diodes, Ocean optics, Prototyping, Interferometers, Optical fabrication, Alignment procedures, Inspection

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Fringe fitting for coherent integrations with the NPOI

Anders Jorgensen, David Mozurkewich, J. Armstrong, Robert Hindsley, Thomas Pauls, G. Gilbreath, Sergio Restaino

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552279

KEYWORDS: Visibility, Calibration, Stars, Data modeling, Solids, Fringe analysis, Signal to noise ratio, Fourier transforms, Optical interferometry, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

The general image quality equation and the structure of the modulation transfer function

Robert Hindsley, Lee Rickard

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552341

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Signal to noise ratio, Modulation transfer functions, Filtering (signal processing), Image restoration, Analytical research, Solids, Image resolution, Image analysis, Apodization

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Resolving the effects of rotation in early type stars

Deane Peterson, Christian Hummel, Thomas Pauls, J. Armstrong, James Benson, G. Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, Donald Hutter, David Mozurkewich

Proceedings Volume 5491, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.552020

KEYWORDS: Stars, Atmospheric modeling, Solids, Data modeling, Phase measurement, Calibration, Observatories, Analytical research, Interferometers, Physics

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Developing a portable NRL fast-frame-rate seeing monitor

Eun Oh, James Murphy, Jeffrey Baker, G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Robert Hindsley, David Mozurkewich, Sergio Restaino, Susan Fortenberry

Proceedings Volume 5550, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.562195

KEYWORDS: Stars, Telescopes, Image intensifiers, Charge-coupled devices, Cameras, Image processing, Calibration, Data analysis, MATLAB, Lenses

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2003 Paper

Paper

Simulated multibeam observations of Be stars in the H-alpha line using the Navy prototype optical interferometer

G. Charmaine Gilbreath, Thomas Pauls, J. Thomas Armstrong, David Mozurkewich, James Benson, Robert Hindsley, Daniel Driscoll

Proceedings Volume 4838, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.459683

KEYWORDS: Beryllium, Stars, Interferometers, Image restoration, Prototyping, Optical filters, Data modeling, Point spread functions, Observatories, Image filtering

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Proceedings Article | 5 July 2000 Paper

Paper

Limb darkening studies with the NPOI

Thomas Pauls, Robert Hindsley, Roger Bell

Proceedings Volume 4006, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.390257

KEYWORDS: Stars, Atmospheric modeling, Visibility, Photometry, Absorption, Prototyping, Interferometers, Databases, Stellar astronomy, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 5 July 2000 Paper

Paper

Estimating errors in stellar angular diameters: does the NPOI see the pulsation of delta Cephei?

J. Thomas Armstrong, Robert Hindsley, David Mozurkewich, Arsen Hajian, Marvin Germain, Tyler Nordgren

Proceedings Volume 4006, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.390263

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Stars, Error analysis, Interferometers, Visibility, Photometry, Observatories, Interferometry, Distance measurement, Atmospheric corrections

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Showing 5 of 36 publications

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