A low divergence angle dependent trap photodetector was designed based on two photodiodes and a concave mirror, which can adapt to measurement of both spatially collimated beam and divergent beam in a small space. To determine responsivity of the trap detector, cryogenic radiometer system is used to calibrate trap detector under the condition of collimated beam, while the angular dependence can be ignored at a certain uncertainty level. Responsivity of trap detectors based on silicon photodiodes are calibrated traceable to cryogenic radiometer, with an uncertainty of less than 0.1%. The uniformity of photodetector is measured to be about 0.03% in a 5mm×5mm sensitive area and angular dependence is less than 0.1% when the angle between the incident beam axis and the normal direction of the detector surface is less than 7 degrees. The results show that the detector with this structure has a good consistency in the response of measuring collimated light beam and divergent light beam within a certain divergence angle.
The nonlinear effect is one of the characteristics of photodetectors. In infrared measurement systems, photodetectors like MCT, InGaAs and InSb are widely used; while their non-linearity is still a problem. National Institute of Metrology, China has built an infrared spectral radiance measurement system. The system consists of a variable temperature blackbody as the standard radiation source; and uses a Fourier transform Infrared Spectrometer as the measuring instrument, including a MCT detector which is the main source of non-linearity uncertainty. In this study, an interpolation method and a polynomial fitting method are used to correct the non-linearity of the measurement system. To do so, at first, set the temperature of the standard variable blackbody to a serial of different temperatures, and use the measurement system to acquire the spectral response signal at each temperature; then, calculate the spectral radiance value of the standard radiation source based on the Planck’s law; after that, in the spectral dimension, analyze the relationship between and , and correct its non-linearity with a piecewise linear interpolation method and a multi-order polynomial fitting method; finally, verify the above two methods and analyze the relative deviation accordingly. The results show, the deviation is relatively large in wavelength range smaller than 8μm; while in 8μm~14μm wavelength range, the relative deviation is around 0.5%~0.001% and around 1.0%~0.001% by using the piecewise linear interpolation method and polynomial fitting method, respectively.
A comparison measurement of absolute power responsivity of silicon photodetector between He-Ne laser and supercontinuum white light source has been realized recently. The power responsivity of silicon trap detector at 632.8nm has been transferred from NIM’s primary optical power standard-the absolute cryogenic radiometer. A 0.07% difference was present for the two different light sources at the same wavelength. Also, a series of experiments related to the comparison have been done including measurement of source power stability, detector polarization dependence, uniformity, and angular dependence. At last, the measurement uncertainty of the comparison is analyzed.
The quantum efficiency of photon counters can be measured with standard uncertainty below 1% level using correlated photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric down-conversion process. Normally a laser in UV, blue or green wavelength range with sufficient photon energy is applied to produce energy and momentum conserved photon pairs in two channels with desired wavelengths for calibration. One channel is used as the heralding trigger, and the other is used for the calibration of the detector under test. A superconducting nanowire single photon detector with advantages such as high photon counting speed (<20 MHz), low dark count rate (<50 counts per second), and wideband responsivity (UV to near infrared) is used as the trigger detector, enabling correlated photons calibration capabilities into shortwave visible range. For a 355nm single longitudinal mode pump laser, when a superconducting nanowire single photon detector is used as the trigger detector at 1064nm and 1560nm in the near infrared range, the photon counting efficiency calibration capabilities can be realized at 532nm and 460nm. The quantum efficiency measurement on photon counters such as photomultiplier tubes and avalanche photodiodes can be then further extended in a wide wavelength range (e.g. 400-1000nm) using a flat spectral photon flux source to meet the calibration demands in cutting edge low light applications such as time resolved fluorescence and nonlinear optical spectroscopy, super resolution microscopy, deep space observation, and so on.
The instrument for spectral diffuse reflectance and color coordinate measurement has to be calibrated by a spectral
reflectance standard, so as to obtain an absolute value. Normally, the value is traced to the primary color standard or
diffuse reflectance standard. The integration sphere is one of the key components in the primary color standard of China,
and the reflectance nouniformity of the sphere is the biggest systematic error source of the absolute measurement result.
A novel uniformity analysis method is developed basing on scanning technique with CCD array spectrometer for
reducing the effect of uniformity to the primary color standard measurement. The preliminary experiment shows that the
effect of sphere nouniformity can be corrected basing on the scanning data of uniformity distribution.
A reflectance colorimetry measurement system is constructed using scanning spectrometer with array detector, and the
color measurement can be achieved under 45:0 and 0:45 geometry conditions. Typically, there are two types of
spectrometer for colorimetry measurement: the scanning spectrometer with single-channel detector requires
point-by-point spectral reading, and the measurement is time consuming; array sensor spectrometer (multichannel
spectrometer) can completes the measurement in a few milliseconds, but its spectral resolution and range are limited by
the array sensor and the optical elements. This colorimetry measurement system is designed for color calibration service,
it using a scanning spectrometer with array detector, which divides the board spectral measurement range into sections,
and uses the array detector to measure each section respectively, thus achieving the rapid measurement of spectral data
with high resolution and wide wavelength range, so as to realized fast color measurement with high precision. The array
sensor of the system using a photo diode array (PDA) with 1024 pixel, having a larger dynamic range and better linearity
compared to CCD. The grating is rotated with a precision rotation stage, and the rotation angle is calculated basing the
parameters of grating and collimator lens, so as to stitch the spectral data of each measurement section., the measurement
signal is mutated at the junction point between measurement sections, due to the rotation angle and the shape of grating
efficiency curve. The theoretical analysis and experiment shows that the signal mutation at the junction point can be
eliminated by comparison measurement of reflectance.
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