Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices decorated with ZnO nanospherical (nanoSPs) aggregates (ZnO-μPAD) for glucose detection have been fabricated. ZnO nanoSPs were prepared by wet chemical synthesis and integrated on the optimized geometry of ZnO-μPAD has 0.2 and 0.4 mm of channel width and length, respectively. Glucose detection measurements were based on electrochemical and infrared transmission measurements. The glucose concentrations were adjusted as 5, 6.5, and 9 mmol, i.e. typical glucose level for normal, pre-diabetes and diabetes, in a mixture of ringer lactate as simulated biological fluid and red blood cells. ZnO nanoSPs in this study possess an average aggregate size of 160 nm formed by clustered ~ 18 nm crystallite size and ordered porous matrix as well as a surface area of 15 m2·g-1.The separation process of the glucose sample on ZnO-μPAD requires approximately 45 s. The glucose detection results show that both electrochemical-based and FTIR-based measurements perform a linear measurement system (R2 of 0.81 to 0.99) with a relatively high sensitivity. A linearly decreasing impedance spanning from 2.2 – 0.6 Ohm and linearly increasing ΔIR transmission spanning from 3 – 19% are obtained for glucose level ranging from 5 – 9 mmol.
A theoretical model based on electron diffusion differential equation and Schottky barrier model was developed to determine the current–voltage characteristics of DSSC. To verify the model DSSC with ZnO nanorods photoelectrode which was chemically bath deposited onto the TCO was fabricated. According to modeling results, increasing of recombination current density J at these interfaces results in a decrease in Schottky barrier height φb and therefore improves the photovoltage under the open-circuit condition. It is found that the open-circuit voltage remains constant when the TCO/ZnO Schottky barrier height was varied in the range of 0.45 – 0.6 eV. This theoretical model consistents with the experimental result in which the fabricated DSSCs can produce conversion efficiency in the range of 0.98 – 1.16%. The trend in photovoltage calculated in the theoretical model basically agrees with the experimental result, although the calculated photocurrent is somewhat over estimated compared to the experimental results. The model presents that the ideality factor for ZnO nanorods, which also contributes to the enhancement of photovoltage, increases in the range of 2.75 – 3.0 as the annealing temperature is increased in the experiment.
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