We demonstrate an integrated photonic platform for control of complex atomic systems. The platform includes multiple waveguide layers and a suite of passive photonic circuit components supporting a wavelength range from 370-1100 nm. In particular, we demonstrate a novel dual-layer vertical grating coupler used for efficiently directing visible light to precise positions above the chip surface. These circuits are compatible with traditional CMOS fabrication techniques and are well suited for improving the scalability of quantum information processing systems based on trapped-ion technology. A chip-scale waveguide platform at visible wavelengths could also prove useful in a variety of bio-photonic and sensing applications requiring precise light delivery or readout in a compact footprint.
KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Demodulation, Clocks, Signal processing, Image processing, Transducers, Photoacoustic microscopy, Heart, Real time imaging, Imaging systems
The ability to collect data in real time is important in all biological imaging modalities that aim to image dynamic
processes. Photoacoustic Microscopy (PAM) is a rapidly growing biomedical imaging technique that is often used to
image microvasculature and melanoma, and is capable of fully rendering three-dimensional images. However, due to the
bi-polar nature of the PAM signal, post processing through demodulation is required to accurately display morphological
data. Typically, demodulation requires post processing of the data, limiting its use in real-time applications. This results
in many PAM systems displaying data through maximum amplitude projection (MAP) images, completely ignoring the
axial dimension of their scans and throwing away useful data. We overcome this processing limit by utilizing a
configurable integrated circuit known as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The FPGA allows us to perform
quadrature demodulation of the photoacoustic signal as it is being collected. The result is a PAM system capable of
producing continuous, morphologically accurate B-scans and volumes at a rate limited only by the repetition rate of the
laser. This allows us to generate accurately rendered volumes at the same speed as MAP images. With a 100 KHz
actively q-switched laser we are able to generate 200 by 200 pixel b-scans at a rate of 500 Hz. The imaging potential of
the system has been demonstrated in volumes of human hair phantoms and chick embryo vasculature. This system is
capable of 50 x 50 x 50 volume stacks processed and displayed at better than video rate.
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