Significant modification of the spectrum of the D1 line of 85Rb in optical cells with high quality antirelaxation coating on the walls is studied experimentally and theoretically analyzed. The spectral profiles of hyperfine transitions are found to be significantly dependent on the velocity and the direction of the laser frequency scanning. A physical explanation is proposed for the observed features, which is confirmed by numerical simulations. The effect of small magnetic field on hyperfine spectrum is also discussed.
We report some preliminary results on experimental investigation of the potential of Light Induced Atomic Desorption (LIAD) applications for density control in antirelaxation coated cells and coherent spectroscopy. LIAD is a non-thermal process whereby atoms adsorbed on a surface are released under illumination. It is applied mostly to implementing optical atomic dispensers in the cases when high atomic density at low temperature is needed - for example, for loading atomic devices as atomic magnetometers, atomic clocks, atomic traps and their miniaturization. An advantage of the light control is that it is faster than the temperature control. More than an order of increase of the density with LIAD is obtained. Some peculiarities in the 780 nm absorption and fluorescence spectra registered in dense Rb vapor are registered. The absorption and fluorescence spectra in Rb vapors controlled by temperature and LIAD are compared.
COSMA: Coherent Optics Sensors for Medical Application is an European Marie Curie Project running from 2012 to March 2016, with the participation of 10 teams from Armenia, Bulgaria, India, Israel, Italy, Poland, Russia, UK, USA. The main objective was to focus theoretical and experimental research on biomagnetism phenomena, with the specific aim to develop all-optical sensors dedicated to their detection and suitable for applications in clinical diagnostics. The paper presents some of the most recent results obtained during the exchange visits of the involved scientists, after an introduction about the phenomenon which is the pillar of this kind of research and of many other new fields in laser spectroscopy, atomic physics, and quantum optics: the dark resonance.
We report the first observation of sub-natural-width dark resonances of enhanced transparency on the D2 line of potassium, contained in an optical cell with reduced (8mm) dimensions and buffered by 30Torr of Ne. The Potassium vapours are irradiated by a frequency modulated DFB diode laser light (with λ = 766.7nm and 2MHz bandwidth), and are placed in orthogonal to the light magnetic field scanned around zero value. Very good signal-to-noise ratio and narrow (∼20kHz) dark resonances are observed and studied in unshielded laboratory environment. The dark resonance formation is related to coherent superposition of the ground-state Zeeman sublevels by respective components of the frequency-modulated light.
The dynamics of Light-Induced Atomic Desorption (LIAD) in 6 cells with different coatings (PDMS coated cells prepared with two different concentrations of PDMS in ether, SC-77, PCHS, DCDMS, OTS) is investigated. The rates of desorption and adsorption of the Rb atoms when the illuminating light is switched ON and OFF and their dependence on the illuminating blue-light power are measured. The influence of the homogeneity of illumination for increasing the desorption and adsorption rates is evaluated. The results are interesting for the better understanding of LIAD and its dynamics and for the development of new optoelectronic elements, LIAD-loaded atomic devices and their miniaturization, and new methods for surface and coating diagnostics.
In this work we present new features observed in the Saturated Absorption (SA) spectrum on the D1 line of K. In an
uncoated optical glass cell containing pure K atoms, excitation by circularly polarized pump beam produces an
enhancement of the amplitude of the crossover resonances due to the hyperfine transitions starting from the ground state
Fg = 2. This effect appears to be much more relevant when K atoms are contained in a cell coated with an anti-relaxation
film. Here, the crossover resonance in the Fg = 2 set of transition is not observed experimentally with linearly polarized
pump light, while in case of circular polarization its amplitude is significantly enlarged. The Light Induced Atomic
Desorption (LIAD) effect strongly improves the intensities of the SA resonances observed in coated cell.
We have simulated spectra of weak probe absorption from one of two hyperfine structure (hfs) components of an atomic ground state, to a hfs manifold of an upper state. A stronger coupling transition was assumed to bind the other hfs component of the ground state with the same upper hfs manifold. The purpose of this simulation was to study the impact on the spectral features in probe absorption from the presence of a state to which the electric-dipole transition is allowed for coupling, but forbidden for probing. In relation to our other (experimental) work, we considered the D2-line transitions for 85Rb. With coupling from the 5S1/2(F=2) state, as in our experiment, the 5P3/2(F'=1) state is coupled but not-probed from the 5S1/2(F=3) state. In calculations we searched for steady-state solutions of optical Bloch equations assuming a 5-level model and RWA. The collisionless (cold) atoms were considered, and we assumed that decoherence was entirely due to natural decay and exciting lasers' linewidths. We investigated probe absorption spectra as a function of both coupling-field-induced Rabi frequency Ωc, and coupling field detuning from the atomic resonances. The 5-level model spectra were compared with the corresponding spectra result of 4-level model calculations performed by omission of the 5P3/2(F'=1) level. Even for small Ωc values close to the natural linewidth, for some detunings a considerable influence of the 5P3/2(F'=1) state on the spectra was observed which cannot be ignored in interpretations.
An investigation of the influence of light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) on the transmission spectra from point of view of LIAD application for miniaturization of magneto-optical sensors and anti-relaxation coatings diagnostics is reported. With reduction of the dimensions of the cells, the amplitude of the signals decreases and it can be compensated by increasing the atomic density with temperature using special high temperature anti-relaxation coatings, or by LIAD. LIAD is a non-thermal process in which atoms adsorbed at a surface are released under illumination. It is investigated in various papers and has different applications - vapor density stabilization, MOT loading, surface nanostructuring etc. In this work the dependence of the shape of the absorption spectra on the laser power and blue light power is measured and analysis of the influence of different factors is done. All measurements are performed on the Rb D2 line in 3 different vacuum cells (uncoated, paraffin coated and SC-77 coated) with a 460 nm light emitting diode illumination. The good knowledge of the factors influencing the alkali atom spectra will be useful not only for the development of new alloptical sensors, but for study atom-dielectric surface interactions and development of new all-optical methods for surface and coating diagnostics.
An analysis is presented of the high resolution Autler-Townes spectra in a pump-probe cascade 5S1/2(F=3)→5P3/2(F'=4) → 5D5/2(F") experiment in a working 85Rb-MOT. It is shown that despite the complex nature of the spatially
varying interactions of individual atoms with MOT fields, the probed region of the atomic cloud in MOT can be
characterized by effective Rabi frequency, at least for the customary used range of detuning and intensity of the trapping
field. This effective value which relates to the averaged atom interactions, is directly dependent on the trapping laser
power and practically does not depend of detuning. The applied procedure is based on predictions of a three-level model.
The procedure can be used as a method for determination of the effective Rabi frequency experienced by atoms in MOT,
and it also indicates applicability limits of the approach for a given MOT implementation.
The fast development of CPT applications and the need of good magnetooptical sensors result in an increased interest in
the Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) resonances and the processes that determine their shape. In this work the shape
and width of the CPT resonances are investigated in two different paraffin-coated Rb vapor cells from point of view of
understanding the processes influencing the shape of the resonances and building of miniature and sensitive detector. The
dependence of the shape of the resonances on the laser power is measured. Narrow resonances on three hyperfine
transitions of the D1 87Rb line are registered. For explanation of the bright structure in the resonance shapes at low laser
powers analysis of the influence of different processes is made.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (A-T) effect were studied under conditions of strong
coupling of the hyperfine manifold 5P3/2 (F') with the 5S 1/2 (F=2) ground state of cold 85Rb atoms in MOT. Transmission
spectra of a weak probe beam, at the frequency scanned in the vicinity of the 5S1/2(F=3)→5P3/2(F') resonances were
registered at various frequency settings of the coupling beam. The spectra were interpreted by applying optical Bloch
equations. As a starting point, a 5-level model, accounting for F=2, 3 and F'=1, 2, 3 states was assumed (the noncoupled
state F'=4 being neglected, but the F'=1 state, coupled but not directly probed, included, as its presence was
found to be imprinted in the spectra). Such a model alone does not reproduce all the spectral features observed.
Therefore we have considered the existence of the polarized light induced transitions between Zeeman substates,
involving (F'=2, m') and (F'=3, m') upper states. In order to indirectly account for the m→m' absorption transitions to
the non-coupled m' states, and to the pairs of states with incomplete coupling, we have complemented the results of the
5-level model with the ones of its reduced versions. Satisfactory agreement of the positions of respective modeled and
experimental spectral peaks was achieved.
A model for description of the shapes of the coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances at different geometries of
excitation and observation is developed. The numerical calculations, based on the irreducible tensor operator formalism,
take into account the experimental geometry, the velocity distribution of the atoms, the Gaussian distribution of the laser
beam intensity and the high rank polarization moments (HRPM). The results for different laser beam diameters, aperture
of the detection, position of the photodetector etc. are compared with the experimental data. A method for description of
the experimental shapes is proposed.
Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) resonance obtained with linearly polarized laser beam through magnetic field
sweep (Hanle configuration) was investigated in 87Rb D1 line. Influence of the coherence due to high-rank polarization
moment (hexadecapole moment), created in the medium, on the CPT resonance shape was calculated and experimentally
detected in fluorescence. It was observed as an inverted structure at a high power of excitation. To distinguish resonances
due to coherence between Zeeman sub-levels with ΔmF=2 from that with ΔmF=4, the Larmour frequency ωLmodulated by applying an a.c. magnetic field (a.c. MF). Resonance signal at frequency corresponding to 4ωL observed in a fluorescence, and after lock-in on the frequency corresponding to frequency difference between sub-levels
ΔmF=4.
KEYWORDS: Rubidium, Chemical species, Spectroscopy, Absorption, Laser systems engineering, Semiconductor lasers, Data acquisition, Control systems, Magnetism, Transparency
A diode laser system for spectroscopy of cold Rb atoms is reported. The apparatus is mainly aimed at studying the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in cold environment. The system is based on a rubidium magneto-optical trap (MOT). Two additional extended cavity diode lasers provide the light beams for experimenting, e.g., a coupling- and probe- beam for EIT. The set-up is equipped with channels for detection of absorption and fluorescence. Some system elements of the ones made in our laboratory, in particular, the electronic system for data acquisition and for control of MOT and experiment, are presented in some detail. Records of probe beam absorption spectra of cold Rb, exhibiting profiles due to EIT in multilevel cascade scheme, registered by the use of this apparatus, are presented as an example of the setup performance.
KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Modulation, Rubidium, Luminescence, Polarization, Chemical species, Magnesium, Signal detection, Magnetic sensors, Telecommunications
In this communication we present an investigation of the influence of an alternative magnetic field (a.c.MF) on the
Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) resonances obtained in Hanle configuration. A.c.MF applied parallel to the
sweeping magnetic field creates side-bands of the CPT resonance
1. Their position in dependence on the a.c.MF
frequency and amplitude were investigated. This phenomenon was studied for the cases of linear and circular polarized
laser excitation. Coherent signal due to the hexadecapole momentum created was detected. At high amplitudes of the
a.c.MF alignment to orientation conversion was recorded.
The investigation of the coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance on the degenerate two-level system of the (Fg=2→Fe=1) transition of the 87Rb D1 line by means of Hanle effect configuration in an uncoated vacuum cell (Opt. Lett. 28, 1817, 2003), has shown that the measured in fluorescence resonance has a complex shape: a very narrow (about 1mG) resonance superimposed on a broader one (about few tens mG). In this work the narrow and wide CPT resonances are registered in fluorescence, transmitted light and Faraday rotation. The dependence of the CPT resonances structures width and amplitude are measured at different laser power densities when the registration was in fluorescence and transmission. While the narrow resonance width doesn't change in the limits of the accuracy of our measurements, the wide resonance width dependence is complex and it is different in fluorescence and transmission. The origin of the observed dependencies and the differences between CPT signals observed in fluorescence and transmission are discussed.
The purpose of this communication is to summarize and compare the results obtained under the project "New all-optical systems and methods for magnetic and electromagnetic field measurement", financed by EC (contract G6RD-CT-2001-000642). The main aim of the project is investigation of the potential of different approaches based on the effect of Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) for magnetic field measurement. The investigated approaches are: (i) CPT prepared by coupling pairs of non-degenerate Zeeman sublevels belonging to the two ground-state hyperfine components of alkali atoms by means of polychromatic laser field; (ii) CPT prepared by coupling degenerate Zeeman sublevels belonging to a single ground-state hyperfine component of alkali atoms by means of single-frequency laser field of appropriate polarization at zero magnetic field (MF); and (iii) polychromatic laser field coupls pairs of non-degenerate Zeeman sublevels belonging to a single ground-state hyperfine level of alkali atoms.
Coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances on the degenerate two-level system of the (Fg=2→Fe=1) transition of the 87Rb D1 line were investigated in an uncoated vacuum cell by means of level-crossing type experiments-sweeping a magnetic field around zero value and using a single laser beam. The two-photon resonance manifests itself as fluorescence canceling when the system of levels is degenerate (at zero point of magnetic field). The influence of weak transverse magnetic fields on the amplitude and width of the resonance was investigated. The CPT resonances were observed with linear, circular and elliptical polarized laser light. Transverse magnetic field widens the resonances obtained by linear and circular polarization but splits the resonance created by slightly elliptically polarized laser light. The dependence of this splitting on the elliptical ratio and experimental geometry were investigated. Due to its narrow width and sensitivity to low magnetic fields (< 1 G) this resonance is very promising for small magnetic field measurement.
The optogalvanic signals (OGS) at 667.728 nm (the 1s4-2p1) Ar transition in pure Ar and He:Ar=1:1 mixture have been investigated with a low power diode laser in a longitudinal hollow cathode discharge. Qualitative explanation of the formation of the 667.7 nm Ar OGS is proposed. A simple model for explanation of the dependence of the 667.728 nm Ar OGS amplitude and sign along the cross-section of the discharge tube is applied. The OGS in pure Ar and HE:Ar = 1:1 mixture gas discharge are compared.
Coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances in the degenerate two-level system of the Fg = 2 → Fe = 1) transition of the 87Rb D1 line were investigated in an uncoated vacuum cell by means of Hanle effect configuration. CPT signals with complex shape (narrow resonance approximately 2 mG superimposed on the wide one approximately 150 mG) were observed. The influence of weak transverse magnetic fields (0-1.2 G) on the amplitude and width of the two components was measured. The observed narrow resonances are interesting for application in high resolution spectroscopy and magnetometry.
Laser photodetachment measurements of the negative ion density in an oxygen currentless plasma are reported. For this experiments a DC gas discharge tube with a coaxial nickel sectional cathode (diameter 5.10-2 m) and a grid anode (diameter 2.10-2 m and length 0.2 m) is used. The measurements are made in pure oxygen at gas pressure 109 Pa and discharge current 40 - 80 mA. Inside the anode region the reduced electrical field E/Ng is near zero (Ng is the gas density). The currentless plasma is formed by plasma particles moving from the negative glow into the cavity inside the anode. The negative charged particles dominantly are negative ions with Maxwellian energy distribution. The negative ion density is measured on the axis in the center of the discharge tube by measurement of the relative absorption of the laser power. A 5 mW 785 nm diode laser is used for the measurements. The obtained values of the oxygen negative ion density at gas pressure 109 Pa and 80 mA are approximately 10-13 cm-3 and are in good agreement with the values obtained by second derivative Langmuir probe measurements.
We present an experimental study of fine structure (fs)- mixing in the 52D state of Rb, and details of construction and performance of an external cavity cw diode laser, developed to provide a light source at 778 nm for two-photon excitation of Rb(52D). Cross section for the fs-mixing Rb(52D5/2) yields Rb(52D3/2) in collisions with the ground state Rb(52S1/2) atoms was found to be 5.8 +/- 1.9 (DOT) 10-14 cm2.
Good signal-to-noise ratio optogalvanic effect has been obtained in two kinds of hollow cathode discharges (coil and segmented construction) using commercially available low cost and low power diode lasers emitting in the visible region of the spectrum. The OG profiles of Ne and He transitions, suitable for diode laser wavelength locking to absolute reference, have been studied. The amplitude and sign of the optogalvanic signal have been measured simultaneously with the absorption in dependence of the gas discharge parameters in order to find the conditions for optimum OGS. OGS was observed also at a wavelength of 667.28 nm, where no transition was found in the tables of spectral lines available.
Good signal-to-noise ratio optogalvanic effect (OGE) has been obtained in a hollow cathode discharge using commercially available low cost and low power diode lasers emitting in the visible region of the spectrum. The OG profiles of Ne and HE transitions suitable for diode laser wavelength locking to absolute reference have been studied. The amplitude and sign of the optogalvanic signal (OGS) have been measured simultaneously with the absorption in dependence on the laser power an the gas discharge parameters in order to find the conditions for optimum OGS.
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