We perform degenerate four-wave-mixing (FWM) studies of GaN excitons especially for an understanding of the strain-fields in the heteroepitaxial films. The shifts of exciton energies and their beating oscillation variations highlight the biaxial strain, allowing for a precise determination of the strain parameters.
The uniaxial strain field can be characterized by the polarization dependence of FWM, which shows distinct polarizations and energy variations depending on the sample and its position. The minimum changes of the polarized FWM intensity and exchange energy splittings correspond to a uniaxial strain of 5.0 × 10-5, which currently gives a lower resolution limit of this technique and is comparable with that of conventional X-ray diffraction.
In the time-evolutions, we investigate the strain effects on the phase of the quantum beats (QBs), giving insight into the excitons interactions. By using time-resolved FWM, difference between two-types of exciton transitions is identified. In addition, coherent manipulations of QBs are successfully realized in the FWM with a Michelson interferometer.
Bound and unbound biexcitons in a free-standing bulk GaN are investigated by time-integrated and spectrally-resolved four-wave mixing measurements, where the formation of hetero-biexcitons that consist of A and B excitons (XXAB) as well as A-biexcitons (XXAA) and their unbound biexciton (XX*AA) are clearly observed. The FWM spectra and delay-time dependence are explained qualitatively and the interaction between A- and B-excitons gives rise to the phase shifts of the quantum beating and the energy shifts of the spectra, which is considered as the effect of the unbound state of XXAB (i.e. XX*AB). The unbound A-biexciton (XX*AA). Is also observed clearly in spectral and temporal domain and is found to play an important role in FWM signals for all polarizations.
We have observed the exciton spin relaxation processes in GaAs quantum wells at low temperatures by three-pulse spin-diffracted four-wave mixing measurements. After investigating the merits and demerits of this new method as compared with the pump-probe technique, we discuss the population transfer to the dark states through the measurements of the excitation-power dependence of exciton spin relaxation. Spin-diffracted four-wave mixing method is a powerful tool to investigate exciton spin dynamical processes where the pump-probe and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements
have been used so far, since the method can be used in reflection geometry and be applicable to thin films and quantum dots.
Time-integrated and spectrally-resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) has been used to study dephasing dynamics of excitons in a free-standing bulk ZnO. Clear FWM signals due to A〉Γ5- and BΓ5-excitions have been observed. We discuss the dephasing dynamics based on the polariton dispersion and four-particle Coulomb correlations.
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