We examined the relationship between depth-resolved local optical properties of eye-corner skin measured by multifunctional Jones matrix optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT) and corresponding wrinkle morphology of aged women (n=21; age range, 71.7±1.7). Wrinkle morphology parameters were analyzed by measuring surface topography of three-dimensional silicone replicas. The same regions were measured three-dimensionally by JM-OCT and the means of several optical properties were computed at each depth. Optical properties include birefringence (BR), attenuation coefficient (AC), and degree-of-polarization uniformity (DOPU). BR and AC were correlated with mean wrinkle depth (WD), although DOPU was not. Significant correlations were found between WD and BR at 88.2 to 138.6 μm depth region from the skin surface (highest correlation at 113.4 μm), and between WD and AC at 12.6 to 18.9 μm and 189 to 459.9 μm depth regions from the skin surface (highest correlations at 18.9 μm and 415.8 μm). This suggests that the collagen structure of the papillary dermis and the microstructure and/or tissue density of the upper epidermis and reticular dermis may be associated with wrinkle morphology. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the highest significant correlations of BR (113.4 μm) and AC (18.9 μm, 415.8 μm). A significant regression coefficient (R2=0.547, p = 0.001) was obtained, indicating that only BR and AC could sufficiently explain WD. Beta coefficients of BR (113.4 μm), AC (18.9 μm), and AC (415.8 μm) were −0.384, −0.369, and −0.354, respectively. This suggests that the upper epidermis, papillary dermis, and reticular dermis may contribute similarly to wrinkle formation.
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence elastography was developed. It integrates Jones matrix-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with compression OCE. The method simultaneously measures OCT, attenuation coefficient, birefringence, and tissue mechanical properties. Ex-vivo porcine esophagus was measured by PS-OCE. Evident alteration caused by heat-induced denaturation was obtained in almost all of the optical and mechanical properties including attenuation coefficient, birefringence, in-plane lateral displacement, and microstructural deformation.
Skin anisotropy is an important issue for plastic surgeons and cosmetics science. Cleavage lines, such as Langer's lines
and relaxed skin tension lines (RSTLs), have been proposed as keys to understanding skin anisotropy. Collagen, a
dominant dermal structural protein, forms a fibrous structure believed to play an important role in skin anisotropy. There
have been few reports, however, on the relationship between the orientation of collagen fiber and the direction of the
cleavage line. Collagen fiber has birefringence, a property analyzable in skin in three dimensions by high-speed
polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). Here we used PS-OCT for an in vivo analysis of
anisotropic changes in the dermal birefringence of mechanically deformed human skin. The dermal birefringence of the
forehead increased significantly when the skin was shrunk perpendicular to the RSTL and increased significantly when
the skin was shrunk parallel to the RSTL. En-face images of dermal birefringence revealed that both shrinking
perpendicular to and stretching in parallel to the RSTL promoted the formation of a macro rope-like collagen structure.
Moreover, the birefringent change under shrinking conditions perpendicular to the RSTL showed negative correlation to
Ra, a skin roughness parameter. These results suggest that PS-OCT enables the in vivo evaluation of skin anisotropy.
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is known to be advantageous because of its additional tissue-specific contrast of the anterior eye. So far, this advantage has been shown only qualitatively. We evaluate the improved visibility afforded by 3-D PS corneal and anterior eye segment OCT (PS-CAS-OCT) in visualizing the trabecular meshwork (TM) based on statistical evidences. A total of 31 normal subjects participated in this study. The anterior eye segments of both the eyes of the subjects are scanned using a custom-made PS-CAS-OCT and the standard-scattering OCT (S-OCT) and polarization-sensitive phase-retardation OCT (P-OCT) images are obtained. Three graders grade the visibility of the TM using a four-leveled grading system. The intergrader agreement, intermodality differences, and interquadrant dependence of visibility are statistically examined. All three of three combinations of graders show substantial agreement in visibility with P-OCT (ρ = 0.74, 0.70, and 0.68, Spearman's correlation), while only one of three shows substantial agreement with S-OCT (ρ = 0.72). Significant dependence of the visibility on the modality (S-OCT versus P-OCT) and quadrants are found by the analysis of variance. A subsequent Wilcoxon signed-rank test reveals significantly improved visibility. PS-CAS-OCT may become a useful tool for screening angle-closure glaucoma.
The dermal degeneration accompanying photoaging is considered to promote skin roughness features such as wrinkles. Our previous study demonstrated that polarization-sensitive spectral domain optical coherence tomography (PS-SD-OCT) enabled noninvasive three-dimensional evaluation of the dermal degeneration of photoaged skin as a change in dermal birefringence, mainly due to collagenous structures. Our purpose is to examine the relationship between dermal birefringence and elasticity and the skin morphology in the eye corner area using PS-SD-OCT. Nineteen healthy male subjects in their seventees were recruited as subjects. A transverse dermal birefringence map, automatically produced by the algorithm, did not show localized changes in the dermal birefringence in the part of the main horizontal wrinkle. The averaged upper dermal birefringence, however, showed depth-dependent correlation with the parameters of skin roughness significantly, suggesting that solar elastosis is a major factor for the progress of wrinkles. Age-dependent parameters of skin elasticity measured with Cutometer did not correlate with the parameters. These results suggest that the analysis of dermal birefringence using PS-SD-OCT enables the evaluation of photoaging-dependent upper dermal degeneration related to the change of skin roughness.
Noninvasive evaluation of dermal degeneration is important for a diagnosis of photoaging. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can measure the distribution of phase retardation caused by birefringence property of collagen. The PS-OCT has been reported as the technology of in vivo investigation of collagen structure in the skin. PS-spectral domain (SD)-OCT provides a three-dimensional phase retardation volume, and it provides an en face distribution map of the slopes of cumulative phase retardation. In this research, we measured the lateral orbital area and forehead of 7 young (age = 24.7±1.1) and 6 elder (age = 72.5±1.4) volunteers by a custom-built 840 nm fiber based PS-SD-OCT. This system can measure the skin birefringence three-dimensionally (5.5 sec for a 3-D volume). There was a significant difference in mean of the distribution of phase retardation slopes of the lateral orbital area between young and old cohorts (young: 0.356±0.0255 degree/μm; elder: 0.256±0.0118 degree/μm). However, there was no significant difference in forehead. On the other hand, the shapes of histogram was not normal distribution. Therefore, we calculated skewness and kurtosis of the distributions of slopes for the analysis. In the orbital area, there were also significant differences between young and old cohorts in skewness (y: 0.813±0.135; e: 1.51+/- 0.177) and kurtosis (y: 2.85±0.483; e: 5.23±0.862). In forehead, there was a significant difference between young and old cohorts in skewness (p=0.0289) in contrast with mean (p= 0.065).
B-scan images of phase retardation provide the change of the phase-retardation slope in the cheek dermis with aging.
Enface-based phase-retardation analysis of elder check suggests that the peripheral domain of infundibula have unique
orientation of collagenous fibers.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Skin, Image segmentation, In vivo imaging, Tomography, Image processing algorithms and systems, Detection and tracking algorithms, Light sources, Signal detection, Binary data
After segmentation of the epidermis from three-dimensional coherence tomography volume, a depth-oriented algorithm provides a segmentation of the infundibulum. In this process, the epidermal thickness, the population and the occupation ratio of the infundibula are provided.
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