Carbazol-containing polymers were shown to be good reliefographic photosensitive substrates for holographic
registration. Holographic images with satisfactory properties were obtained with carbazolic copolymers containing
carbazolylethylmethacrylate and octylmethacrylate units and iodoform as sensitizer. The final goal of this study is to find
the best copolymer formulation ensuring large amount of data stored with a high transfer rate and an optimized lifetime
of the hologram and of the host polymer. It is then crucial to elucidate the involved photochemical mechanisms. We first
carried out irradiations at 405 nm (wavelength of the laser diode used for holographic recording) in order to follow the
photostructuration of the doped polymer. Spectroscopic analyses showed that the formation of a charge transfer complex
is observed and its increase of concentration in the polymer could be followed versus exposure time. We also focused
our attention on the durability of the hologram and of the polymeric matrix itself. Under irradiations representative of
natural ageing (λ>300 nm), we have shown that the complex is successively formed and destroyed and that the
photodegradation of the polymer matrix was also observed.
The experimental investigation of a novel technical approach for formation of security diffraction structures with high degree of protection based on a combined optical and electron-beam lithography techniques are presented.
Photo-thermo-plastic film (PTPF) is a multi-layer structure with the resolving power up to 1000 line pairs per millimeter in the binary and/or half-tone optical data recording modes. These structures are high-sensitive in the spectral range from 400 to 800 nm which is determined by chalcogenide glassy semiconductors (CGS) layer in the PTPF. We technologically challenged the CGS by tin-doping; this allows satisfying to main requirements which high-efficient observation systems are demanding.
PTPF-based devices imply some critical elements for providing PTPF sensitization by means of the corona discharge as well as thermal development of the latent image to the form of superficial relief on the PTPF. Such PTPF-based slit camera was used for airborne monitoring of the Black Sea surface from the 9000-m-altitude. Camera resolving power is high enough for determining of waves heights and spacing as well for discovering of small sea objects and determining of their speed and drift direction. PTPF-based remote sensing seems to be even more advantageous due to the possibility to record different images multiple (up to 100) times on a single PTPF frame within the "recording - read-out - thermal erasing - re-recording" cycle.
An algorithm for automatic measurements of the sea surface conditions is proposed. The measured parameters are height and spacing of waves as well as their motion direction. Mathematical processing includes 2-D smoothing of sample data, forming 1-D profile of the waves, and calculating its Fourier transform. By introducing of the scale factors, it makes possible to obtain certain data on the waves' characteristics. This system allows compressing of 2-D information to numerical data flow which is characterizing the rough seas and transmitting of these data through communication channels.
The polymer layers from carbazolylmethacrylates (CAM) with oktylmethacrylates (OMA) were prepared and investigated by us. The investigation of mechanical properties of such materials are extremely important, whatever the successful application might be. Load and depth sensing indentation with a Berkovich indenter were performed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of polymer films. The effective elastic modulus and the hardness were determined on the basis of load-displacement data. The reliability of the chosen analytical method was checked using of number of repeats. The influence of chemical composition, action of UF-light and aging on the mechanical properties of CAM:OMA polymer materials was investigated.
Electron-beam and holographic recording of diffraction gratings was processed in the layers of poly-N-poxypropylcarbazole (PEPC) and co-polymers of carbazolylalkylmethacrylate with octylmethacrylate (CAM:OMA) containing additions of CHI3. The dependence of the diffraction efficiency of planar gratings on the recording current was studied. The influence of post-effect and storage in the dark on the diffraction efficiency is considered. By chemical development technique the reflecting relief diffraction gratings are obtained with the diffraction efficiency of 25-30%.
Photo-thermo-plastic films (PTPF) with high-density recording (up to 1000 lines/mm) can be used repeatedly for structure zoned shooting. However, more work is underway to increase their light sensitivity and make it resistant to action of radioactive and powerful electromagnetic radiation. It was found that chalcogenide glass semidonductors (CGS) combine properties of both glasses and semiconductors that determine possibility of its using in different systems of optical data recording. Most bright prepresentatives of glass semiconductors are being sulfide and selenide of arsenic. Results of complex investigations on photelectric properties of their thin layers are presented.
The paper presents results of technological changing of the field of maximal photosensitivity of CGS layers in the range of optical spectral range from 400 to 800 nm, which satisfies requirements of optical data recording systems for spectrum-zoned-shooting. For increasing of CGS thin layers' photsensitivity the initial materials were doped by tin. Experiments have shown that doping by Sn on the level 1.2-1.4 at % increases photosensitivity of layer by more than one order of magnitude. High photosensitivity of obtained PTPF determines possibility of their wide application in different optical image registration systems, which can be used as board memory devices.
Recently special attention has been given to the problem of the holographic registration of images and information with the purpose of a solution of various scientific and technical problems. It is well known that carbazol containing polymers, for example, poli-N-carbazolylalcoxymethacrylate (poli-CAM), co-polymers CAM, polyepoxypropilcarbazol (PEPC), have been recommended very well as organic photoconductors, especially in the field of the creation of mediums for information registration, including holograms. The photochemical method of image recording of carbazole-containing polymers films attribute to famous methods of image recording. Our research is aimed at finding of a new photopolymer compositions sensitive in the visible and infrared spectra. We have studied a photopolymer materials, which are doped by amorphous semiconductors. We have used As2S3, S, Se, GeSe as additives of the amorphous semiconductor, and PEPC, PVA, BMA as main polymers. These photopolymer films have been prepared by pouring from solutions. The photopolymer films have been applied both on transparent (polyethylenethereftalat) films and rigid substrates of optical glass. The samples have been obtained with the thickness in the range of 2 μm to 30 μm. The contents of different amorphous semiconductors have beem maintained within the limit of 5 - 40 wt.% of the photopolymer. The variation of the concentration of each component and the transmission spectra have been studied for all the photopolymer films. The experimental measurements of its transmission spectra are evaluated in conjunction with its application for optical holographic recording in visible and infrared ranges. The optical transmission spectra have been measured in optical region from 0.8 μm to 3.0 μm by spectrum-photometer SPECORD 61 NIR and in region from 0.4 μm to 0.8 μm by spectrum-photometer SPECORD UV VIS.
We have studied holographic grating recordings in Fe-doped photorefractive crystals LiNbO3 (LN), in doped As-S-Se chalcogenide glassy semiconductors (CGS), and in CGS based photothermoplastic structures (PTPS). Transmission gratings in a-cut crystals of LN were efficient enough to demonstrate the effect of optical channeling. Volume gratings recorded in LN crystals may be used as a parallel array of the planar waveguides. For CGS, slanted grating geometry was tested, with the goal being the creation of asymmetric blazed gratings. Asymmetry of non-Bragg diffraction orders was observed. For the first time, reflection volume grating were recorded in 2μm thick CGS by green solid-state laser. We have also tested the possibility of single beam contact recording in LN, using CGS with recorded grating as beam-splitter attached to the surface of LN.
We report a new photochromic composite polymer that was evaluated in conjunction with its potential applications for optical holographic recording in the whole visible spectral range. It consists of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole (PEPC) polymeric matrix with a nitro-brome-substituted spiropyran (BNSP) photochromic dye. The PEPC+BNSP films can be considered as negative photochromic recording media. They are colored in the initial state and bleached upon irradiation within the whole visible spectra. When we placed the bleached samples to the darkness, they slowly revert to the colored form. The real-time holographic recording procedure in PEPC+BNSP films was studied.
We report a photosensitive composite structure consisting of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors and copolymeric thermoplastic materials. Our researches were aimed to find out new approaches of using photothermoplastic materials. (PTPM) as two-layered media for holographic and optical data recording. This approach was based on creating the modified PTPM structures with enhanced characteristics as well as on performing the new processes of recording onto PTPM. Some modifications in the recording procedure and equipment setup were carried out. It is established that PTPM systems based on donor-acceptor layers have a photosensitivity of 10-3 to 10-4 J/cm2. The introduction into them an additive of photochromic dye increases the photosensitivity of donor-acceptor systems by 2 - 3 times. The essential growth in photosensitivity is observed in the blue-to-green range of spectrum. A method of photothermoplastic recording of holograms on a PTPM with a photosensitive layer of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors is proposed. Storing the whole data file of holograms followed by their development does the recording of optical information.
Currently organic photochromic compounds have been considered as materials of growing importance for use in optical memory applications. They have been characterized by a set of unique characteristics, and could be easily fabricated in different formats and at low-cost. We studied a new class of photochromic composites consisting of carbazole-contained polymeric hosts with spiropyran-substituted dyes. These composites have been synthesized and experimentally characterized as holographic material for direct high-resolution holographic recording in whole visible spectra. We concluded some general principles of photochromic media design for achievement of high sensitivity and diffraction efficiency while hologram records.
Cross-linking and structurable polymer photosensitive materials have been studied for many years and they are widely used for optical recording of information. After the investigation of the photo-chemical and photo-physical processes in various systems, it appears that the chemical structure of the polymer matrix plays an essential role in the process of reaction that takes place upon irradiation by a laser beam. The results of experiments that were conducted to investigate the modification of the absorption with the time of exposure, modification of the degree of photo- structuring with time, the dependence of the photosensitivity of thickness and other characteristics are presented in this paper. Some of the applications of the results concerning the hardening of the cross-linking polymers with the scope to improve the mechanical properties of the surface relief image (hardness, strength, adhesive stability) and the possibilities to make copies by the hot stamping method are also presented.
We report a new photochromic composite polymer consisting of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole (PEPC) polymeric matrix with a nitro-brome-substituted spiropyran (BNSP) photochromic dye. The PEPC + BNSP films can be considered as negative photochromic recording media. They are colored in the initial state and bleached upon irradiation within the visible spectra. When we placed the bleached samples to the darkness, they slowly revert to the colored form. This process has strong temperature dependence, so one can either 'freeze'' or accelerate changing of the current coloration state in the PEPC + BNSP. The experimental measurements are evaluated in conjunction with its potential applications for optical holographic recording in the visible spectral range. The real-time holographic recording procedure in PEPC + BNSP films was studied. The diffraction efficiency values reached the maximum of 23 percent at spatial frequency of 1600 line pairs per mm, during direct hologram recording with the 532 nm Coherent VERDI laser irradiation. Light exposures were ranged from 70 to 280 mJ/cm2. The investigated compounds have good perspectives for use in holography, two-photon optical data storage, electro-optics, and optical-limiting applications due to coupling of some unique properties such as high optical non-linearity, well charge transport, short response times, no-limiting resolution ability, etc.
Our research was aimed at finding a photochromic compounds sensitive in the visible spectra. We have reported a new
photochromic composite polymer materials consisting of carbazole-contained polymers, which are doped by spiropyran dyes.
We have synthesized and experimentally characterized such photochromic polymers. The experimental measurements of its
absorption characteristics are evaluated in conjunction with its potential applications for optical holography. Both recording
and erasing procedures are possible using direct radiation from a blue line of an Ar laser (X=458nm). Also, simple diffraction
gratings have been recorded by the use of two-color recording procedure ensuring artificial negativity in the visible spectra.
Two structures of high-sensitive carbazole-contained photochromic compounds are proposed.
Keywords: Holography, polymers, photochromic compounds, absorption spectra, diffraction efficiency
With the purpose of expansion of polymer materials in the area of
fotonics and image registration we prepared, tested and investigated
photopolymer photoresist layers from carbazolylalcylmethacrylats (CEM)
with oktylmethacrylats (OMA) copolymers, having the high photosensitivity,
adhesive and film forming properties.
The photopolymer layers were made by pouring from solutions. The
contents of iodophorm and other electron-acceptor additives was maintained
within the limits of 5-10 weight % ofthe photopolymer. For all the photoresist
layers the photographic sensitivity, factor of contrast, diffraction efficiency
and resolution at holographic recording were studied.
The numerous tests of the samples have shown, that complete crosslinking
of copolymer CEM:OMA layers occurs during 10 - 15 s at (4,0 - 5,0)
sm2/mWxs. The photographic sensitivity depends on the thickness of
photopolymer layer.
To examine the holographic characteristics of the layers, the growth
kinetics of diffraction efficiency in dependence on the doze of exposure, the
kinetics of diffraction efficiency in dependence on the duration and conditions
of solvent treatment were investigated, the holographic sensitivity, resolution
capability and optimal diffraction efficiency of the photoresist layers have
been defmed.
The diffraction efficiency more than 20% and the resolution capability
up to 2500 irmiT1 were obtained for the developed photoresist layers based on
CEM:OMA photopolymers.
In this paper we present the experimental results of the investigation of relief recording of the information with application of the media based on thermoplastic materials and synthesized organic photopolymers. We present also the results concerning the possibilities of strengthening of polymer media with the scope to improve mechanical properties of the relief image (hardness, strength, adhesive stability) and the possibilities to make copies by stamping method. Also we examine the possibility to increase the sensitivity of photothermoplastic media by addition of the injector chalcogenide layers.
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