Dr. Sumith V. Bandara Profile

Dr. Sumith V. Bandara

Subject Matter Expert (IR FPAs) at US Army C5ISR Ctr RTI

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Area of Expertise:

Infrared Focal Plane Arrays , III- V material Detectors , Quantum Structures

Profile Summary

Sumith Bandara, Ph. D is a Principal Subject Matter Expert for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs) at the U.S. Army Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) where he leads the effort on III-V materials based IR detectors. He was the technical lead for the Vital Infrared Sensor Technology Acceleration (VISTA) program which was responsible for establishing the industry base for III-V Strained Layer Superlattice (SLS) FPA technology. industry Prior to joining the NVL, he was a Principal engineer at the NASA- Jet Propulsion Laboratory and post-doctoral fellow at the Bell Laboratories –Murray Hill. He has over thirty years of experience in semiconductor quantum structures and infrared detectors and focal plane arrays. Dr. Bandara has authored and co-authored over 100 technical publications, including extensive reviews & book chapters, and he holds over 15 US patents.

Publications (63)

Proceedings Article | 10 June 2024 Presentation

Presentation

Yield and performance limitations in cooled infrared detector materials

Neil Baril, Tony Almeida, Dave Benson, Sumith Bandara, Randy Jacobs, Alex Brown, Andy Stoltz, Peter Smith, Ken Brogden

Proceedings Volume 13046, 130460N (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3016746

KEYWORDS: Infrared detectors, Yield improvement, Staring arrays, Power consumption, Passivation, Infrared sensors, Infrared radiation, Infrared materials, Array processing

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Proceedings Article | 30 May 2022 Presentation

Presentation

Post-VISTA progress in III-V material SLS IR detector technology

Sumith Bandara, Leslie Aitcheson, Lucy Zheng, Meimei Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 12107, 121070N (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2623303

KEYWORDS: Laser sintering, Infrared detectors, Superlattices, Staring arrays, Sensor technology, Infrared sensors, Infrared radiation, Antimony

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2021 Presentation

Presentation

III-V material superlattice infrared focal plane array technology

Sumith Bandara, Meimei Tidrow, Leslie Aitcheson, Lucy Zeng, Neil Baril

Proceedings Volume 11741, 117410O (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586326

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Infrared radiation, Superlattices, Infrared materials, Infrared imaging, Infrared detectors, Gallium antimonide, Manufacturing, Long wavelength infrared, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2017 Paper

Paper

MWIR barrier infrared detectors with greater than 5µm cutoff using bulk InAsSb grown on GaSb substrates

Neil Baril, Alexander Brown, Daniel Zuo, Meimei Tidrow, Dmitri Loubychev, Joel Fastenau, Amy W. Liu, Sumith Bandara

Proceedings Volume 10177, 101771L (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2262503

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Infrared detectors, Gallium antimonide, Infrared radiation, Group III-V semiconductors, Semiconductors, Infrared photography, Photodetectors, Antimony, Binary data, Indium arsenide, Sensors, Diffusion, Superlattices, Aluminum, Doping

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 June 2011

Doping dependence of minority carrier lifetime in long-wave Sb-based type II superlattice infrared detector materials

Sumith Bandara, Patrick Maloney, Neil Baril, Joseph Pellegrino, Meimei Tidrow

OE, Vol. 50, Issue 06, 061015, (June 2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.3590720

KEYWORDS: Doping, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Superlattices, Diffusion, Photodiodes, Heterojunctions, Infrared detectors, Mercury cadmium telluride, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2011 Paper

Paper

Update on III-V antimonide-based superlattice FPA development and material characterization

Lucy Zheng, Meimei Tidrow, Sumith Bandara, Leslie Aitcheson, Tiffany Shih

Proceedings Volume 8012, 80120S (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.888093

KEYWORDS: Superlattices, Staring arrays, Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Data modeling, Diodes, Gallium antimonide, Quantum efficiency, Mercury cadmium telluride, Doping

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Much progress has been made in the past 2 years in developing III-V antimonide-based superlattice infrared detectors and focal plane arrays (FPAs). In the area of detector material growth by molecular beam epitaxy, the wafer foundry group, helped by government-trusted entities and other partnering institutions, has leapfrogged many years of R&D effort to become the premier detector wafer supplier. The wafers produced are of high quality as measured by surface morphology, defect density, photoluminescence property, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, and diode current-voltage characteristics. In the area of detector design and FPA processing, the team-consisting of members from government laboratories, academia, and the FPA industry-has made rapid progress in device structure design, detector array etching, passivation, hybridization, and packaging. The progress is reflected in the steady reduction in FPA median darkcurrent density and improvement in median quantum efficiency, as well as reasonably low median noise-equivalent different temperature under 300 K scene background, when compared with the performance from some of the commercially available HgCdTe FPAs. In parallel with the FPA research and development effort, a small amount of funding has been devoted to measuring minority carrier lifetimes and to understanding life-killing defects and mechanisms of superlattice devices. Results of direct time-resolved photoluminescence measurement on superlattice absorbers indicate relatively short lifetimes (on the order of 30 ns) due to Shockley-Read-Hall mechanism. Modeling and curve fitting with diode current-voltage data indicate longer minority carrier lifetimes, although the best fit lifetime values differ greatly, possibly due to the difference in material quality and device structure. Several models or hypotheses have been proposed to explain experimental data. More data are required to validate these models and hypotheses. Further work is also necessary to reconcile the substantially different results from different groups and to truly understand the physics of minority carrier lifetimes, which is necessary to improve the lifetime and realize the theoretical promise of superlattice materials.

Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Paper

Demonstration of 1024x1024 pixel dual-band QWIP focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, D. Ting, C. Hill, J. Nguyen, S. Rafol

Proceedings Volume 7660, 76603L (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.851175

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Sensors, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Detector arrays, Infrared radiation, Readout integrated circuits, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 2010 Paper

Paper

Performance analysis of InAs/Ga(In)Sb strained layer superlattice detectors and focal plane arrays

Sumith Bandara

Proceedings Volume 7608, 76081M (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.835430

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Staring arrays, Readout integrated circuits, Long wavelength infrared, Superlattices, Quantum efficiency, Infrared sensors, Sensor performance, Interference (communication), Heterojunctions

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2009 Paper

Paper

III-V infrared research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

S. Gunapala, D. Ting, C. Hill, A. Soibel, John Liu, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, S. Keo, J. Nguyen, S. Bandara, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 7467, 74670R (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.828786

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Gallium arsenide, Absorption, Quantum efficiency, Quantum wells, Infrared detectors

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Paper

Novel quantum well, quantum dot, and superlattice heterostructure based infrared detectors

David Z.-Y. Ting, Sumith Bandara, Cory Hill, Sarath Gunapala, Yia-Chung Chang, H. Liu, C. Song, Alexander Soibel, Jason Mumolo, Jean Nguyen, John Liu, Sam Keo, Sir Rafol, E. Blazejewski

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729805 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.818879

KEYWORDS: Superlattices, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Infrared detectors, Quantum wells, Absorption, Infrared radiation, Quantum dots, Long wavelength infrared, Heterojunctions, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2009 Paper

Paper

Large format multicolor QWIP focal plane arrays

A. Soibel, S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, D. Ting, C. Hill, J. Nguyen

Proceedings Volume 7298, 729806 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.819084

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Gallium arsenide, Cameras, Indium, Metals, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 3 September 2008 Paper

Paper

Mid-wave and long-wave infrared dualband megapixel QWIP focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, C. Hill, D. Ting, E. Kurth, J. Woolaway, P. LeVan, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 7082, 708209 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796361

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Sensors, Readout integrated circuits, Detector arrays, Infrared radiation, Cameras, Gallium arsenide

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Proceedings Article | 2 May 2008 Paper

Paper

Quantum well intrasubband photodetector (QWISP): Prospects for large-format far-infrared focal plane arrays

David Z.-Y. Ting, Yia-Chung Chang, Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala

Proceedings Volume 6940, 694006 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.783869

KEYWORDS: Quantum wells, Absorption, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Doping, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Photodetectors, Sensors, Scattering, Far infrared

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Proceedings Article | 23 April 2008 Paper

Paper

Development of megapixel dual-band QWIP focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, C. Hill, D. Ting, E. Kurth, J. Woolaway, P. LeVan, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 6940, 69402T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.783841

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Sensors, Readout integrated circuits, Detector arrays, Cameras, Gallium arsenide, Metals

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Proceedings Article | 9 January 2008 Paper

Paper

Toward very large format infrared detector arrays

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, C. Hill, D. Ting, E. Kurth, J. Woolaway, P. LeVan, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 6800, 68000W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.753485

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Detector arrays, Readout integrated circuits, Gallium arsenide, Semiconducting wafers, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Paper

Far infrared and terahertz quantum well intra-subband photodetector (QWISP)

David Z.-Y. Ting, Yia-Chung Chang, Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala

Proceedings Volume 6660, 66600F (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.735138

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Quantum wells, Absorption, Sensors, Doping, Electrons, Long wavelength infrared, Scattering, Photodetectors, Far infrared

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

Paper

Toward 16 megapixel focal plane arrays

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, C. Hill, D. Ting, E. Kurth, J. Woolaway, P. LeVan, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 6660, 66600E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.740029

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Detector arrays, Readout integrated circuits, Gallium arsenide, Infrared radiation, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 14 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Toward dualband megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, J. Mumolo, C. Hill, E. Kurth, J. Woolaway, P. LeVan, M. Tidrow

Proceedings Volume 6542, 65420W (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.719938

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Detector arrays, Readout integrated circuits, Gallium arsenide, Cameras, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2007 Paper

Paper

Demonstration of 640x512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, C. Hill, D. Ting, J. Liu, S. Rafol, E. Blazejewski, J. Mumolo, S. Keo, S. Krishna, Y.-C. Chang, C. Shott

Proceedings Volume 6479, 64790V (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.698051

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Long wavelength infrared, Absorption, Quantum dots, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Readout integrated circuits, Gallium arsenide, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2006 Paper

Paper

640x512 pixels long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, C. Hill, D. Ting, J. Liu, S. Rafol, E. Blazejewski, J. Mumolo, S. Keo, S. Krishna, Y.-C. Chang, C. Shott

Proceedings Volume 6361, 636116 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683772

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Quantum efficiency, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Absorption, Infrared radiation, Quantum wells, Semiconducting wafers, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Paper

Quantum wells to quantum dots: 640x512 pixels Long-Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector (QDIP) imaging focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, C. Hill, D. Ting, J. Liu, S. Rafol, E. Blazejewski, J. Mumolo, S. Keo, S. Krishna, Y.-C. Chang, C. Shott

Proceedings Volume 6295, 629501 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.683678

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Quantum efficiency, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Quantum wells, Absorption, Quantum dots, Infrared radiation, Semiconducting wafers

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2006 Paper

Paper

Long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) focal plane array

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, C. Hill, D. Ting, J. Liu, S. Rafol, E. Blazejewski, J. Mumolo, S. Keo, S. Krishna, Y. Chang, C. Shott

Proceedings Volume 6206, 62060J (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.662462

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum efficiency, Sensors, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Long wavelength infrared, Absorption, Quantum dots, Quantum wells, Semiconducting wafers, Infrared radiation

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We have exploited the artificial atomlike properties of epitaxially grown self-assembled quantum dots for the development of high operating temperature long wavelength infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays. Quantum dots are nanometer-scale islands that form spontaneously on a semiconductor substrate due to lattice mismatch. QDIPs are expected to outperform quantum well infrared detectors (QWIPs) and are expected to offer significant advantages over II-VI material based focal plane arrays. QDIPs are fabricated using robust wide bandgap III-V materials which are well suited to the production of highly uniform LWIR arrays. We have used molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technology to grow multi-layer LWIR quantum dot structures based on the InAs/InGaAs/GaAs material system. JPL is building on its significant QWIP experience and is basically building a Dot-in-the-Well (DWELL) device design by embedding InAs/InGaAs quantum dots in a QWIP structure. This hybrid quantum dot/quantum well device offers additional control in wavelength tuning via control of dot-size and/or quantum well sizes. In addition the quantum wells can trap electrons and aide in ground state refilling. Recent measurements have shown a 10 times higher photoconductive gain than the typical QWIP device, which indirectly confirms the lower relaxation rate of excited electrons (photon bottleneck) in QDIPs. Subsequent material and device improvements have demonstrated an absorption quantum efficiency (QE) of ~ 3%. Dot-in-the-well (DWELL) QDIPs were also experimentally shown to absorb both 45° and normally incident light. Thus we have employed a reflection grating structure to further enhance the quantum efficiency. JPL has demonstrated wavelength control by progressively growing material and fabricating devices structures that have continuously increased in LWIR response. The most recent devices exhibit peak responsivity out to 8.1 microns. Peak detectivity of the 8.1 µm devices has reached ~ 1 × 10¹⁰ Jones at 77 K. Furthermore, we have fabricated the first long-wavelength 640×512 pixels QDIP focal plane array. This QDIP focal plane array has produced excellent infrared imagery with noise equivalent temperature difference of 40 mK at 60K operating temperature. In addition, we have managed to increase the quantum efficiency of these devices from 0.1% [1-2] to 20% in discrete devices. This is a factor of 200 increase in quantum efficiency. With these excellent results, for the first time QDIP performance has surpassed the QWIP performance. Our goal is to operate these long-wavelength detectors at much higher operating temperature than 77K, which can be passively achieved in space. This will be a huge leap in high performance infrared detectors specifically applicable to space science instruments.

Proceedings Article | 31 October 2005 Paper

Paper

Multicolor megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays for remote sensing instruments

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, C. Hill, S. Rafol, J. Mumolo, J. Trinh, M. Tidrow, P. LeVan

Proceedings Volume 5983, 59830M (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614170

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Modulation transfer functions, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Imaging systems, Quantum efficiency, Readout integrated circuits

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 2005 Paper

Paper

Monolithically integrated near-infrared and mid-infrared detector array

S. Bandara, S. Gunapala, D Ting, J. Liu, C. Hill, J. Mumolo

Proceedings Volume 5783, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.611352

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Mid-IR, Near infrared, Gallium, Diodes, Quantum wells, Detector arrays, Aluminum

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Proceedings Article | 31 May 2005 Paper

Paper

1024x1024 pixel MWIR and LWIR QWIP focal plane arrays and 320x256 MWIR:LWIR pixel colocated simultaneous dualband QWIP focal plane arrays

S. Gunapala, S. Bandara, J. Liu, C. Hill, S. Rafol, J. Mumolo, J. Trinh, M. Tidrow, P. LeVan

Proceedings Volume 5783, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.601519

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Mid-IR, Modulation transfer functions, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Cameras, Readout integrated circuits, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 25 March 2005 Paper

Paper

Megapixel QWIP focal plane array and 320x256 pixel colocated mid-wave and long-wave dual-band QWIP focal plane array

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Cory Hill, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo, J. Trinh, Meimei Tidrow, Paul LeVan

Proceedings Volume 5732, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.586043

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Gallium arsenide, Mid-IR, Long wavelength infrared, Modulation transfer functions, Imaging systems, Readout integrated circuits, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2004 Paper

Paper

QWIP chip dual-color and multicolor FPAs for military applications

Barbara McQuiston, Eric Cho, Wah Lim, Sir Rafol, Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu

Proceedings Volume 5612, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.579456

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Infrared radiation, Land mines, Readout integrated circuits, Infrared imaging, Particles

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Paper

Multiband infrared detectors based on III-V materials

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, Cory Hill, John Liu, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo, David Ting, Thang Trinh

Proceedings Volume 5543, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.561352

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Quantum wells, Gallium arsenide, Staring arrays, Absorption, Infrared imaging, Detector arrays, Infrared detectors, Photons

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Proceedings Article | 4 November 2004 Paper

Paper

Progress of multicolor single detector to detector array development for remote sensing

M. Nurul Abedin, Tamer Refaat, Ishwara Bhat, Yegao Xiao, Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala

Proceedings Volume 5543, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.559917

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Gallium antimonide, Indium arsenide, Quantum efficiency, Absorption, Detector development, Remote sensing, Doping, Infrared sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 October 2004 Paper

Paper

MWIR and LWIR megapixel QWIP focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Cory Hill, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo, J. Thang, Meimei Tidrow, Paul LeVan

Proceedings Volume 5563, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.560955

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Mid-IR, Quantum efficiency, Quantum wells, Temperature metrology, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2004 Paper

Paper

Mid-wavelength infrared 1024x1024 pixel QWIP focal plane array

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Sir Rafol, Cory Hill, Jason Mumolo, J. Thang, Meimei Tidrow, Paul LeVan

Proceedings Volume 5406, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.540759

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Gallium arsenide, Mid-IR, Infrared radiation, Quantum wells, Reflectors, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 2 February 2004 Paper

Paper

Large format long-wavelength infrared narrow-band, multi-band, and broad-band QWIP focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo

Proceedings Volume 5234, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.504900

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Cameras, Quantum wells, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Signal to noise ratio, Quantum efficiency, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Paper

Large-format multiband QWIP focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo

Proceedings Volume 5152, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.504633

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Cameras, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Readout integrated circuits, Multiplexers, Temperature metrology, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 10 November 2003 Paper

Paper

Multicolor focal plane array detector technology: a review

M. Nurul Abedin, Tamer Refaat, Joseph Zawodny, Steve Sandford, Upendra Singh, Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, Ishwara Bhat, Norman Barnes

Proceedings Volume 5152, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.505887

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Mercury cadmium telluride, Quantum efficiency, Long wavelength infrared, Infrared detectors, Infrared sensors, Infrared radiation, Quantum wells

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2003 Paper

Paper

640x512 pixel narrowband, multiband, and broadband LWIR QWIP focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, J. Liu, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo

Proceedings Volume 5074, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.498137

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Cameras, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Quantum wells, Multiplexers, Temperature metrology, Readout integrated circuits

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2003 Paper

Paper

Large-format dual-broadband QWIP focal plane array imaging interferometers

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, Francis Reininger, J. Liu, Sir Rafol, Jason Mumolo, David Ting, Ricky Chuang, Thang Trinh, J. Fastenau, A. Liu

Proceedings Volume 5074, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.501278

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Interferometers, Quantum wells, Gallium arsenide, Imaging arrays, Infrared imaging, Prisms, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 2003 Paper

Paper

Characterization of QWIP (10- to 16-um) broadband FPA

S. Rafol, Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, David Ting, Jason Mumolo, Francis Reininger

Proceedings Volume 4820, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450911

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Quantum efficiency, Gallium arsenide, Black bodies, Temperature metrology, Quantum wells, Infrared radiation, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 2003 Paper

Paper

640x512 pixel four-band, broadband, and narrowband quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, S. Rafol, C. Shott, Richard Jones, Stanley Laband, James Woolaway, J. Fastenau, A. Liu, Murzy Jhabvala, Kwong-Kit Choi

Proceedings Volume 4820, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453574

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Cameras, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Quantum efficiency, Multiplexers, Video, Long wavelength infrared

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Proceedings Article | 11 November 2002 Paper

Paper

GaAs/AlGaAs based multiquantum-well infrared detector arrays for low-background applications

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, James Bock, Michael Ressler, John Liu, Jason Mumolo, S. Rafol, Michael Werner, David Cardimona

Proceedings Volume 4823, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453511

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Quantum wells, Staring arrays, Quantum efficiency, Modulation, Absorption, Electrons, Gallium arsenide, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2002 Paper

Paper

9-um cutoff 640x512 pixel GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum well infrared photodetector handheld camera

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, S. Rafol, C. Shott, Richard Jones, Stanley Laband, James Woolaway, J. Fastenau, Amy Liu

Proceedings Volume 4721, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.478841

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Quantum efficiency, Quantum wells, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Temperature metrology, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 5 August 2002 Paper

Paper

Quantum well infrared photodetectors for low-background applications

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, S. Rafol, David Ting, John Liu, Jason Mumolo, Thang Trinh

Proceedings Volume 4721, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.478842

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Quantum wells, Quantum efficiency, Absorption, Electrons, Superlattices, Gallium arsenide, Photons, Temperature metrology

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Proceedings Article | 12 November 2001 Paper

Paper

Large-format broadband multicolor GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, S. Rafol, David Ting, Jason Mumolo, Francis Reininger, J. Fastenau, Amy Liu

Proceedings Volume 4454, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448187

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Cameras, Infrared imaging, Quantum wells, Multiplexers, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2001 Paper

Paper

10- to 16-um broadband 640 x 512 GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, S. Rafol, Jason Mumolo, Francis Reininger, J. Fastenau, A. Liu

Proceedings Volume 4369, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.445352

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Multiplexers, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Infrared imaging, Quantum efficiency, Long wavelength infrared, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 12 June 2001 Paper

Paper

Large-format long-wavelength GaAs/AlGaAs multiquantum well infrared detector arrays for astronomy

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, James Bock, Michael Ressler, John Liu, Jason Mumolo, S. Rafol, David Ting, Michael Werner

Proceedings Volume 4288, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.429415

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Quantum wells, Staring arrays, Telescopes, Modulation, Electrons, Quantum efficiency, Infrared detectors, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 17 April 2001 Paper

Paper

Recent developments and applications of quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Edward Luong, S. Rafol, Jason Mumolo, David Ting, James Bock, Michael Ressler, Michael Werner, Paul LeVan, Riad Chehayeb, Carl Kukkonen, M. Levy, P. LeVan, Mark Fauci

Proceedings Volume 4413, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425451

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Sensors, Cameras, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Infrared imaging, Infrared radiation, Electrons

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 2000 Paper

Paper

Large-format quantum-well infrared photodetector arrays for astronomical instrumentation

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, James Bock, Michael Ressler, John Liu, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, S. Rafol, David Ting, Michael Werner

Proceedings Volume 4008, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.395446

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Quantum wells, Telescopes, Cameras, Modulation, Quantum efficiency, Interference (communication), Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 17 July 2000 Paper

Paper

Recent developments and applications of quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane arrays

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Edward Luong, S. Rafol, Jason Mumolo, David Ting, James Bock, Michael Ressler, Michael Werner, Paul LeVan, Riad Chehayeb, Carl Kukkonen, M. Levy, N. LeVan, Mark Fauci

Proceedings Volume 4028, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.391739

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Cameras, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Infrared radiation, Infrared imaging, Thermography

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Proceedings Article | 26 July 1999 Paper

Paper

8- to 9-um and 14- to 15-um two-color 640x486 GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array camera

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, Anjali Singh, John Liu, S. Rafol, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, N. Tran, John Vincent, C. Shott, James Long, Paul LeVan

Proceedings Volume 3698, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354502

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Quantum efficiency, Multiplexers, Cameras, Reflectors, Black bodies

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Proceedings Article | 26 July 1999 Paper

Paper

Commercialization of quantum well infrared photodetector QWIP focal plane arrays

Carl Kukkonen, Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Jorge Llorens

Proceedings Volume 3698, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354571

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Quantum wells, Absorption, Infrared radiation, Infrared detectors

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 1998 Paper

Paper

Quantum well infrared photodetectors for long-wavelength infrared applications

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, Mark McKelvy, Winn Hong

Proceedings Volume 3436, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.328000

KEYWORDS: Infrared imaging, Breast, Infrared radiation, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Staring arrays, Cameras, Thermography, Breast cancer, Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 11 August 1998 Paper

Paper

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) for astronomy

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Edward Luong, James Bock, Michael Ressler, Michael Werner

Proceedings Volume 3553, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.318096

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Infrared imaging, Thermography, Infrared radiation, Sensors, Infrared cameras, Gallium arsenide, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 1998 Paper

Paper

Fabrication and performance of diffractive optics for quantum well infrared photodetectors

Frederick Pool, Daniel Wilson, Paul Maker, Richard Muller, John Gill, Deepak Sengupta, John Liu, Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala

Proceedings Volume 3379, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317608

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Lenses, Microlens, Polymethylmethacrylate, Sensors, Gallium arsenide, Etching, Binary data, Lithography, Plasma etching

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 1998 Paper

Paper

10- to 16-um broadband quantum well infrared photodetector

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, Winn Hong, Deepak Sengupta, M. McKelvey

Proceedings Volume 3379, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317607

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Electrons, Quantum wells, Infrared detectors, Sensors, Aerospace engineering, Absorption, Gallium arsenide, Molecular beam epitaxy, Staring arrays

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 1998 Paper

Paper

Quantum well infrared photodetectors for low-background applications

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, Anjali Singh, John Liu, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, M. McKelvey

Proceedings Volume 3379, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317590

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Mid-IR, Absorption, Quantum efficiency, Temperature metrology, Staring arrays, Back illuminated sensors

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 1998 Paper

Paper

Comparison of intersubband GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum well infrared photodetectors on GaAs and GaAs-on-Si substrates

Deepak Sengupta, Sarath Gunapala, Thomas George, Sumith Bandara, C.-N. Chang-Chien, Rosa Leon, S. Kayali, Haochung Kuo, Wei-Chiao Fang, Hui Liu, Gregory Stillman

Proceedings Volume 3379, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317609

KEYWORDS: Gallium arsenide, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Silicon, Absorption, Quantum wells, Infrared radiation, Temperature metrology, Infrared sensors, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 22 July 1998 Paper

Paper

Quantum well infrared photodetector research and development at Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Winn Hong, Edward Luong, Jason Mumolo, M. McKelvey, Deepak Sengupta, Anjali Singh, C. Shott, Ronald Carralejo, Paul Maker, James Bock, Michael Ressler, Michael Werner, Timothy Krabach

Proceedings Volume 3379, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317606

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Long wavelength infrared, Gallium arsenide, Infrared radiation, Mid-IR, Quantum efficiency, Quantum wells

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Proceedings Article | 8 April 1998 Paper

Paper

Recent progress in quantum well infrared photodetector research and development at Jet Propulsion Lab.

Timothy Krabach, Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Frederick Pool, Deepak Sengupta, C. Shott, Ronald Carralejo, Norman Stetson

Proceedings Volume 3287, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.304504

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Cameras, Quantum wells, Long wavelength infrared, Quantum efficiency, Mid-IR, Back illuminated sensors

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 1997 Paper

Paper

Applications of long-wavelength 256 x 256 quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) handheld camera

Sarath Gunapala, Timothy Krabach, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Mani Sundaram

Proceedings Volume 3061, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.280347

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Sensors, Infrared imaging, Infrared cameras, Minimum resolvable temperature difference, Thermography, Gallium arsenide, Infrared radiation

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 1997 Paper

Paper

Long-wavelength 640 x 484 GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum well infrared photodetector focal plane array camera

Sarath Gunapala, Sumith Bandara, John Liu, Winn Hong, Mani Sundaram, Ronald Carralejo, C. Shott, Paul Maker, Richard Muller

Proceedings Volume 3061, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.280393

KEYWORDS: Staring arrays, Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Cameras, Gallium arsenide, Long wavelength infrared, Sensors, Silicon, Multiplexers, Quantum efficiency, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 1997 Paper

Paper

Two-dimensional periodic grating light coupling in quantum well infrared photodetectors

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Winn Hong, Jin Park

Proceedings Volume 3061, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.280394

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Reflectors, Optical lithography, Polishing, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Scanning electron microscopy, Aerospace engineering, Etching

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Proceedings Article | 15 April 1997 Paper

Paper

Optical coupling mechanisms in quantum well infrared photodetectors

Sumith Bandara, Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Winn Hong, Jin Park

Proceedings Volume 2999, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.271180

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Reflectors, Optical lithography, Polishing, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Scanning electron microscopy, Aerospace engineering, Etching

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 1996 Paper

Paper

Long-wavelength quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) research at Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Mani Sundaram, Sumith Bandara, C. Shott, Theodore Hoelter, Paul Maker, Richard Muller

Proceedings Volume 2744, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.243515

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Gallium arsenide, Quantum wells, Mirrors, Absorption, Temperature metrology, Aerospace engineering

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Proceedings Article | 17 June 1996 Paper

Paper

Long-wavelength 256x256 QWIP handheld camera

Sarath Gunapala, John Liu, Mani Sundaram, Sumith Bandara, C. Shott, Theodore Hoelter, Paul Maker, Richard Muller

Proceedings Volume 2746, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.243033

KEYWORDS: Quantum well infrared photodetectors, Sensors, Cameras, Staring arrays, Reflectors, Gallium arsenide, Mirrors, Electrons, Quantum wells, Long wavelength infrared

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Showing 5 of 63 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (6)

Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XIV

29 January 2017 | San Francisco, California, United States

Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XIII

14 February 2016 | San Francisco, California, United States

Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications V

12 August 2015 | San Diego, California, United States

Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications IV

18 August 2014 | San Diego, California, United States

Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications III

26 August 2013 | San Diego, California, United States

Showing 5 of 6 Conference Committees

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