Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has progressed rapidly and has bright prospects for next-generation display due to advantages of superior color gamut and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in the improvements of device performance through additive engineering, ligand engineering and optimization of device architectures. As a results, PeLEDs have recorded an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of up to 30.84% for green emission, 26.3% for red emission and 23.8% for near-infrared emission, respectively. However, the performance of blue PeLEDs is unsatisfactory compared to that of red and green PeLEDs, hindering the application of perovskite devices in full-color displays and solid-state lighting. Therefore, effective strategies to achieve high-performance blue PeLEDs are urgently needed.
Here, we introduce various approches with metal doping, additive engineering, ligand engineering and interface engineering for high-performance blue light-emitting devices.
Camphor sulfonic acid doped conducting polyaniline (PANI:CSA) was synthesized by self-stabilized dispersion
polymerization (SSDP). Well ordered polymer chains grow at the interface between aqueous and organic phase at low
temperature around -35 °C. Thus, the growing polymer chains act as a stabilizer, producing high quality polyaniline with
high electrical conductivity and with low content of structural defects. Moreover, the PANI:CSA thin film shows an
apparent Drude peak in the infrared region with a high d.c. conductivity of 550 Scm-1, and a high transmittance in the
visible region. Using this highly conducting polyaniline as a transparent electrode, flexible polymer light-emitting diodes
(PLEDs) and flexible polymer solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated on flexible poly(ethersulfone) (PES) substrates. The
flexible PLEDs show high performance with a luminance of 2300 cdm-2 and a luminous efficiency of 1.6 cdA-1. In
addition, flexible PSCs based on composites of regioregular poly
(3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) as an electron donor and
phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an electron acceptor exhibit a reasonable power conversion efficiency
(PCE) of 1.8 %.
We report the fabrication and measurement of solar cells with 6% power conversion efficiency using the alternating copolymer,
poly[N-9''-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole), PCDTBT, in
bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites with the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM).
The PCDTBT/PC70BM solar cells exhibit the best performance of any BHJ system studied to date; Jsc = 10.6 mA/cm2,
Voc = 0.88 V, FF = 0.66 and ηe = 6.1% under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G) irradiation of 100 mW/cm2. The internal
quantum efficiency (IQE) is close to 100%, implying that essentially every absorbed photon results in a separated pair of
charge carriers and that all photogenerated carriers are collected at the electrodes.
New electroluminescent copolymers with fluoro groups in vinylene unit, poly(9,9-di-hexylfluorene-2,
7-vinylene-co-pphenylenedifluorovinylene)
(PFVPDFV), have been synthesized by the GILCH polymerization. The fluoro groups were
introduced on vinylene units to increase the electron affinities of the copolymers. The PFVPDFVs exhibit absorption
spectra with maximum peaks at 371 ~ 413 nm. In the PL spectra of PFVPDFVs, as the PDFV content increases up to
50% in the copolymer system, fwhm was decreased by 4 - 38 nm as compared to PFV. The HOMO energy levels of the
copolymers were about 5.25 - 5.50 eV, and the LUMO energy levels were about 2.67-2.97 eV. The polymer LEDs
(ITO/PEDOT/polymer/Al) of PFVPDFVs showed emission with maximum peaks at around 472 - 538 nm. By adjusting
the feed ratios of PDFV in the copolymers, it was possible to tune the emission colors from greenish yellow to orange
depending on the obtained CIE coordinates. The luminescence efficiencies of the copolymers at room temperature are
about 0.1-1.47 cd/A. The introduction of up to 50 % of PDFV in PFVPDFVS can enhance the device performance to
result in high current density, brightness and efficiency due to the increased electron injection ability caused by the
presence of fluoro groups in the vinylene units.
New light-emitting PCPP derivatives, poly(4,4-bis{4-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phenyl}-4H-cyclopenta[def]phen- anthrene)
(BEHP-PCPP), with stabilized blue emission is reported. The OLED with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/BEHPPCPP/
Ca/Al generates EL emission with maximum peak at 430 nm, low turn-on voltage (9V), and CIE coordinates (x
= 0.19, y = 0.15) for the blue color without any filtering. The maximum brightness of the OLEDs using BEHP-PCPP
was 1034 cd/m2 at 15 V. The maximum luminescence efficiency of the polymer LEDs with BEHP-PCPP was 0.21
cd/A at 617 mA/cm2.
Fluorescent conjugated polymers have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in flat panel displays.
There are few studies on the degradation of the PPV film in air when irradiated. The photodegradation reaction is a chain
scission process involving oxygen in air to yield terminal 4-vinylbenzoic acid groups. The photodegradation of
conducting polymer may seriously effect the performance of electroluminescence devices.
In order to reduce oxidation of the vinylene group, the vinylic group was cyclized using carbon-containing 5-membered
rings. In case of PININE, it is possible to introduce four alkyl groups in the sp3 carbons in the bicycle, which will
increase the solubility of the polymer. PININE was used as the electroluminescence layer for the light-emitting diode.
PININE shows turn-on voltage of 6.5 V, and EL with maximum peak at 477 nm, maximum brightness of 2187 cd/m2 at
12 V, and efficiency of 0.34 cd/A at 162 mA/cm2. The change in luminescence following irradiation with white light on
the PININE was not observed. When irradiated with white light, the films of MEH-PPV showed significantly decreased
peaks of UV and PL. As compared to this, the films of PININE showed stable spectra when irradiated over same period of time.
By introducing a solution-based titanium oxide (TiOx) layer between the polymer and Al electrode in polymer lightemitting
diodes, we have demonstrated that the devices exhibit an enhanced efficiency. The TiOx layer reduces the
barrier height between the polymer and Al cathode, thereby facilitating the electron injection in the devices and
enhancing the device performance by achieving a balance of charge injection and transport between the electrons and
holes. Moreover, we also believe that the TiOx layers prevent the diffusion of metal ions into the emitting polymers
during the Al deposition process, and reduce the degree of quenching centers in the active polymers.
One of the problems limiting the device efficiency of polymer light-emitting diodes is the imbalance of charge injection and transport between the electrons and holes. This problem is particularly serious for the case of aluminum (Al) electrode. By introducing solution-based titanium oxide (TiOx) layer between the polymer and Al electrode, we have demonstrated that the devices exhibit an enhanced efficiency. The TiOx layer reduces the barrier height between the polymer and Al cathode, thereby facilitating the electron injection in the devices and enhancing the device performance. Moreover, we also believe that the TiOx layers prevent the diffusion of metal ions into the emitting polymers during the Al deposition process, reducing the degree of quenching centers in the active polymers.
One of the serious problems in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) is the difficulty of electron injection in the current PLEDs device of anode/polymer/cathode geometry. This is particularly true for the case of aluminum (Al) electrode. The work function of Al is too high to match with the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbit (LUMO) level of the luminescent polymers, thereby lowering the device efficiency. In this work, by introducing solution-based titanium oxide (TiOx) thin film as an electron injection layer between the polymer and Al electrode, we demonstrate that the devices exhibit an enhanced efficiency. The TiOx layer reduces the barrier height between the polymer and aluminum (Al) cathode, thereby facilitating the electron injection in the devices.
Conjugated polymers with a stabilized blue emission are of importance for the realization of full-color displays using polymer light-emitting diodes. We report a new class of blue-emitting polymers utilizing a new back-bone, poly(2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [def] phenanthrene)) (PCPP). This material emits a stabilized, efficient blueelectroluminescence(EL) without exhibiting any peak in the long wavelength region (green region) even after prolonged annealing for 18 hours at an elevated temperature of 150°C in air. This attributes to the chemical structure of this new polymer. The backbone of PCPP intrinsically inhibits the formation of the keto-defects mainly responsible for the degradation to green color in typical poly(fluorine) type materials, thereby stabilizing the blue EL emission in the devices.
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