We designed a vertical split ring resonator metamaterial to achieve a highly directive perfect absorber and emitter in the mid-infrared region based on the Generalized Kerker Condition. The results show zero backscattering and high directivity via the electric dipole-electric quadrupole interference. The metal stress-driven self-folding method was applied to fabricate the vertical metamaterial efficiently. We both experimentally and analytically demonstrated the absorption and the angular dispersion. The angle-resolved emission radiation pattern is visualized which agrees with the simulation results. This metamaterial can not only be an Infrared receiver but also an emitter. We provide a novel strategy to conceive a polarization-sensitive/-insensitive, single-/multiband, and highly directive vertical metamaterial perfect absorber and emitter in the Mid-Infrared region.
Hydrogen has garnered widespread attention as a pivotal indicator for future sustainable development. Current research aims to utilize clean energy for hydrogen production, thereby minimizing the generation of by-products such as hydrocarbons. Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D-MoS2) has demonstrated outstanding photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance and shows promise as a material for photocatalytic (PC) hydrogen evolution (HER). However, its atomic-scale thickness limits light absorption. Therefore, the introduction of plasmonic metal nanoparticles to enhance light-matter interactions through the plasmonic resonance effect can substantially improve the overall catalytic efficiency. Conventional single-element noble metal nanoparticles exhibit relatively poor catalytic effects, while multi-element alloys have emerged as excellent catalysts due to their high entropy effect. In this study, we designed a heterostructure (SiNW/MoS2/HEANP) by combining silicon nanowires, molybdenum disulfide, and a novel high-entropy alloy nanoparticle to demonstrate outstanding photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. The silicon nanowire structure, exploiting light-trapping effects, exhibited high anti-reflection properties, achieving over 97% absorption of visible light and providing abundant reaction sites. Moreover, the mixed-phase structure of 1T and 2H MoS2, synthesized via thermal pyrolysis, contributed to the enhanced HER performance of the material. The HEA(AgAlCuNiTi) nanoparticles, synthesized through sputtering and annealing, exhibited a significant synergistic effect with MoS2 through its decent plasmonic resonance and excellent HER activity, resulting in a substantially improved overall catalytic efficiency. The SiNW/MoS2/HEANP heterostructure demonstrated a remarkable hydrogen generation rate of 475.5 mmol g-1 h-1. This study presents a strategy for utilizing HEAs as promising materials for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with tremendous potential.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as Indium Selenide (InSe) is promising for next-generation optoelectronics due to its high carrier mobility and narrow direct band gap (1.26 eV). However, such devices suffer from low responsivity due to low absorption of atomically thin structure. Combining 2D materials with plasmonic nanostructure is an alternative solution for increasing light-matter interaction. Conventionally, researchers utilized metal for plasmonic nanostructure which unfortunately exhibit low quality resonances due to the inherent Ohmic losses. On the other hand, bulk transition metal dichalcogenides possess high refractive index (n > 4) from visible to near-infrared (NIR) region, which make them suitable for making sub-wavelength optical resonators. Herein, we report a MoS2 plasmonic grating enhanced Indium Selenide (InSe) photodetector in near infrared (NIR) with inherent low loss compared to metallic grating. Such MoS2 grating can not only form a n-n heterojunctions with InSe, but also act as a resonator to excite surface plasmon resonance (SPR) resulting in remarkably enhanced light absorption and photoresponsivity in InSe. In this work, by integrating InSe with anisotropic MoS2 grating, we achieved a multi-band resonance in NIR region that are sensitive to either TE or TM polarized light due to different resonance mode. The responsivity of our device shows a 310-fold enhancement compared to pristine device at the resonance wavelength of 870 nm and the maximum detectivity reach 1.02 x 1014 Jones, which is the highest value reported for InSe device applied in NIR. This study provides a novel approach for designing high-performance InSe-based polarization-sensitive multi-band photodetectors.
In this study, we design a vertical split-ring resonator for an active plasmonic polarizer. By using E-beam lithography, we can define the arm length and arm width of the VSRR. Then we deposited Ni and Au bilayer and do the lift-off process. Further, we utilized CF4-assisted inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) to isotropically etch the sacrificial layer below. The arms of the pattern were then simultaneously released and self-folded because of the residual stress in the metal film. Due to the vertical anisotropic structure, we can achieve different phase accumulation along the x and y-axis. When we illuminate linear polarized light at a certain polarization angle, we can achieve a reflective circular polarized light. By applying current on the device, the joule heat would lead the vertical structure to bend toward the substrate. The resonance changes as the curvature of the arm, then we will again get a linear polarized light. By the simulation, now we can get a full change in the reflection light from circularly polarized light to linear polarized light at 55 THz. This VSRR polarizer can also be applied in the transmittance mode. The transmittance can also get a full change from circular to linear polarized light at 37 THz. Overall, this method of fabricating VSRR can easily tune the structure to fit into different resonance frequencies, and the design can achieve a high-efficiency polarizer both in reflection and transmittance modes.
Incorporating plasmonic metal nanostructures with the semiconductor compounds offers a new route to significantly improving the performance of photodetectors. Herein, we developed five hybrid structures to demonstrate ultrasensitive photodetection in in MIR, visible and UV regions, respectively. These five demonstrations are, 1. Plasmonic Metasurface Integrated Black Phosphorus-Based Mid-Infrared Photodetector with High Responsivity and Speed, 2. Ultrasensitive Gateless Photodetector based on 2D Bilayer MoS2-1D Si Nanowire-0D Ag Nanoparticle Hybrid Structure, 3. Enhanced Photoresponsivity of Perovskite QDs/Graphene Hybrid Gate-free Photodetector by Morphologically Controlled Plasmonic Au Nanocrystals, 4.Ultrasensitive Photodetection of Monolayer MoS2 using Semimetal Plasmonic Structure and Ohmic Contact, and 5. A Multifunctional Plasmonic Sensor for Excellent UV Photodetection and NO2 Gas Sensing by an Array of Al Nanocaps on GaN Truncated Nanocones.
Plasmonic materials that show strong electromagnetic field confinement effects hybridized with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit strong light–matter interactions. Herein, such a system has been designed in the form of a silicon nanowire (SiNW)/ gold nanoparticles (AuNP)/ molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanofilms heterostructure (SiNW/AuNP/MoS2), which exhibits excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. The absorption frequency of 2D-MoS2, the antireflection frequency of 1D-SiNW, and the resonance frequency of the 0D-AuNP, respectively, match with the visible range, indicating that the material effectively utilizes solar energy. Additionally, an optimal MoS2 structure that is a hybrid of both 1T and 2H phases was prepared with high reproducibility using facile pyrolysis, with the structure benefiting the hydrogen evolution performance of the material. Moreover, the silicon nanowire substrate exhibits high antireflection properties due to light-trapping effects, achieving 95% for the visible light absorption. By introducing silicon nanowire, a p–n junction is formed at the MoS2/Silicon nanowire interface that facilitates charge separation. The 1D silicon nanowire/0D gold nanoparticles /2D MoS2 nanofilms exhibits a high hydrogen generation rate of 246 mmol g−1 h−1. Overall, a low-cost, eco-friendly hybrid-structured catalyst was designed that exhibits excellent HER performance.
This conference presentation was prepared for the Plasmonics: Design, Materials, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications XX conference at SPIE Optics + Photonics 2022.
Metamaterials are artificial structures, having extraordinary abilities to manipulate electromagnetic waves far beyond the limits of natural materials. Due to the technology of fabrication, planer metamaterials are greatly restricted by pure magnetic resonant modes induced by in-plane EM waves.
In this work, we numerically demonstrate vertical double-split ring resonators by finite-element method software (CST). Our samples were fabricated by metal stress-driven self-folding method, which is so called 4D printing. In the beginning, we define our patterns in two-dimensional with by electron beam lithography and deposit Ni/Au bilayer metal on silicon substrate. After etching out underlying substrate by ICP-RIE, released stress in metal will deform our 2D metal patterns into 3D metamaterials.
Comparing with single-split ring resonators, DSRRs are considered with more freedom to tailor resonance frequency by changing the length of arms and the distance between them. Here we investigated the effects of symmetry breaking and resonance mode hybridization at mid-infrared wavelength using coupled DSRRs. The proposed 3D metamaterials indicate some potential applications like modulators and filters in compact optical metadevices.
KEYWORDS: Nanostructures, Plasmonics, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Near field, Metals, Near field optics, Solids, Gold, Finite element methods, Glasses
We develop a method based on the reciprocity and Green function to efficiently obtain the far-field pattern of dipole emitters around plasmonic nanostructures. Applying this method to air hole arrays fabricated on metal films, we reveal their plasmonic characteristics in the near-field scanning optical microscopy. Modeling scanning-probe tips as surface plasmon launchers, we clarify the orientation effect of their equivalent dipoles and also how these effective dipoles contribute to the excitation of different plasmonic modes, resulting in distinguishable characteristics in the far-field imaging. The outcomes of our calculations are validated with the experimental data from a high-resolution raster scanning nano-focusing plasmonic tip. Satisfactory agreements between the model and measurements are demonstrated.
In this talk, I introduce two plasmonic devices. Firstly, we design and construct a three-dimensional (3D) negative index medium (NIM) composed of gold hemispherical shells to supplant an integration of a split-ring resonator and a discrete plasmonic wire for both negative permeability and permittivity at THz gap. With the proposed highly symmetric gold hemispherical shells, the negative index is preserved at multiple incident angles ranging from 0° to 85° for both TE and TM waves, which is further evidenced by negative phase flows in animated field distributions and outweighs conventional fishnet structures with operating frequency shifts when varying incident angles. Finally, the fabrication of the gold hemispherical shells is facilitated via standard UV lithographic and isotropic wet etching processes and characterized by -FTIR. The measurement results agree the simulated ones very well. Secondly, we present a miniature surface plasmon polariton amplitude modulator (SPPAM) by directing and interfering surface plasmon polaritons on a nanofabricated chip. Our results show that this SPPAM enables two kinds of modulations. The first kind of modulation is controlled by encoding angular-frequency difference from a Zeeman laser, with a beat frequency of 1.66 MHz; the second of modulation is validated by periodically varying the polarization states from a polarization generator, with rotation frequencies of 0.5-10k Hz. In addition, the normalized extinction ratio of our plasmonic structure reaches 100. Such miniaturized beat-frequency and polarization-controlled amplitude modulators open an avenue for the exploration of ultrasensitive nanosensors, nanocircuits, and other integrated nanophotonic devices.
One-dimension hyperbolic metamaterials (1DHMMs) possess marvelous and considerable applications: hyperlens, spontaneous emission engineering and nonlinear optics. Conventionally, effective medium theory, which is only valid for long wavelength limit, was used to predict and analyze the optical properties and applications. In our previous works, we considered a binary 1DHMM which consists of alternative metallic and dielectric layers, and rigorously demonstrated the existence of surface states and bulk-interface correspondence with the plasmonic band theory from the coupled surface plasmon point of view. In the plasmonic band structure, we can classify 1DHMMs into two classes: metallic-like and dielectric-like, depending on the formation of the surface states with dielectric and metallic material, respectively. Band crossing exists only when the dielectric layers are thicker than the metallic ones, which is independent from the dielectric constants. Furthermore, the 1DHMMs are all metallic-like without band crossing. On the other hand, the 1DHMMs with band crossing are metal-like before the band crossing point, while they are dielectric-like after the band crossing point. In this work, we measure the surface states formed by dielectric material and 1DHMMs with band crossing in Otto configuration. With white light source and fixed incident angle, we measure the reflectance to investigate the existence of the surface states of 1DHMMs with various thickness ratio of metallic to dielectric layers. Conclusively, our results show that the surface states of 1DHMMs exist only when the thickness ratio is larger than 0.15. The disappearance of the surface states indicates the topological phase transition of 1DHMMs. Our experimental results will benefit new applications for manipulating light on the surface of hyperbolic metamaterials.
To conquer Ohmic losses from metal and enhance pump absorption efficiency of a nanolaser based on surface plasmon
polariton, we theoretically calculate the first magnetic and electric scattering coefficient of a dielectric sphere under a
plane wave excitation with a dielectric constant of around 12. From this calculation, we could retrieve both negative
effective permittivity and permeability of the sphere simultaneously at frequencies around 153 THz in the aids of
Lewin’s theory and the power distribution clearly demonstrate the expected negative Goos-Hänchen effect, which
usually occurred in a negative refractive waveguide, thus creating two energy vortices to trap incident energy and then
promoting the pump absorption efficiency. Meanwhile, a magnetic lasing mode at 167.3 THz is demonstrated and reveals
a magnetic dipole resonance mode and a circulating energy flow within the dielectric sphere, providing a possible
stopped light feedback mechanism to enable the all-dielectric nanolaser. More importantly, the corresponding mode
volume is reduced to 0.01λ3 and a gain threshold of 5.1×103 is obtained. To validate our design of all-dielectric nanolaser,
we employ finite-difference-time-domain simulation software to examine the behavior of the nanolaser. From simulation,
we could obtain a pinned-down population inversion of 0.001 and a lasing peak at around 166.5 THz, which is very
consistent with the prediction of Mie theory. Finally, according to Mie theory, we can regard the all-dielectric nanolaser
as the excitation of material polariton and thus could make an analogue between lasing modes of the dielectric and
metallic nanoparticles.
KEYWORDS: Metals, Plasmonics, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Surface plasmons, Spatial resolution, Finite-difference time-domain method, Near field, Near field optics, Silica, Gold
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) offers subwavelength optical resolution beyond the diffraction limit, enabling practical applications in optical imaging, sensing and nanolithography. However, due to the sub-100 nm size of apertures, conventional NSOM aperture probes suffer from the constrains of the strong attenuation of the throughput and limited the spatial resolution. To solve the problem, we designed a novel scheme for apertureless plasmonic probes with radial internal illumination. Employing non-periodic multi-rings geometry for plasmonic excitations, surface plasmons adiabatically nanofocuse energy at tip and the full width at half maximum of the optimal design is ∼18 nm. The proposed probe was optimized with 2D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis and realistic parabolic probe geometries. Comprehensive electromagnetic simulation shows that the optimal probe feature obeys Fabry-Pérot condition on the plasmonic metallic wall, giving rise to substantial field enhancement up to 6 orders of magnitude greater than conventional aperture probes without degrading its spatial resolution. We fabricated the proposed probe which possesses apex angle (∼ 22 degree) and tip radius (∼ 30 nm). Finally, the proposed near field plasmonic probe effectively combining the high resolution of apertureless probes with high throughput can enable the proposed plasmonic NSOM probe as a practical tool for applications in near field optical microscopy.
We experimentally demonstrate an ultrathin polarization rotator (PR) capable of rotating linearly polarized radiation 90
degrees in the terahertz-gap region by integrating the polarization conversion property from asymmetric split-ring
resonators (ASRRs) and the polarization selectivity from S-shape resonators (SRs). This ultrathin-PR possesses a nearly
complete polarization conversion up to 97.7% at 1.04 THz and a high conversion transmission coefficient of 0.48,
enhanced by a constructive Febry-Perot interference between the ASRRs and the SRs. Furthermore, the overall thickness
of the ultrathin PR is about 50 μm, only one-sixth of the incident wavelength, so that the associated optical devices can
be miniaturized. The simple metal-dielectric-metal trilayered structure of the ultrathin-PR allows the tolerance of
translational misalignment between the ASRRs and SRs and hence significantly facilitates the fabrication process.
We propose an innovative cloak to enable different sizes, shapes and also constituent parameters of arbitrary hidden objects not only to observe the fields with 360-degree eyesight from the environment outside the cloak but also to need neither to be ‘custom-made’ nor to be confined by the position of the corresponding anti-objects. We design the spatially varying constituent parameters of an innovative cloak by the aid of transformation optics with two steps of coordinate transformations and testify the performances of an innovative cloak by COMSOL simulation software. Herein, we demonstrate the corresponding Ez field distribution as a testimony of invisible hidden objects and claim that the simulation results demonstrate a good agreement with analytical study of an innovative cloak.
We propose a high-transmission dualband terahertz bandpass filter by exciting multiple resonances of a composite
metamaterial. The filter is composed a single layer of
metal-dielectric-metal artificial structure and possesses two
pronounced passbands centered at 0.97 THz and 1.37 THz, respectively. Both the passbands show high transmissions up
to 90 % and also excellent band-edge transitions in the special terahertz-gap regime based on the simulations. In
addition, we promise an effective approach to manipulate such electromagnetic properties of the metamaterial through
realizing all the mechanisms for each resonant mode of the metamaterial. A potential terahertz device, broadband
terahertz bandpass filter with almost 0.5-THz bandwidth, after structural modulation from the same composite
metamaterial is also delivered in this work.
Slowing light has arisen increasing attentions due to its applications for optical switching,
optical hard disk and enhanced photon-matter interaction, especially the system utilizing left-handed
tapered waveguide (LHWG) to demonstrate either oscillatory mode or surface plasmon polariton (SPP)
mode which are the most possible candidates to be commercialized. But both of them suffer from the loss
coming from metal to limit the time to trap photons in the LHWG. Hence, we hire highly contrast
dielectric metamaterials as LHWG to reduce the Ohmic loss from metal and demonstrate slowing light
effect. Our results are confirmed by introducing E-field (or H-field) distribution and power flow
recording in CST simulation software.
We proposed an innovative phase interrogation method for localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) detection.
To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of LSPR biosensor by phase interrogation. LSPR is realized as the
plasmonic resonance within confined metal nanoparticle. Nanoparticle couples the light by means of a non-radiative
inter-band absorption, and a scattering from surface plasmon oscillation, the total contribution is the optical
extinction of nanoparticles. Due to the variety of resonance types, LSPR is extensively studied in the field of
biological sensing, imaging, and medical therapeutics. Generally, LSPR is probed by optical intensity variation of
continuous wavelength, in other words, wavelength interrogation. LSPR sensitivity probed by this method is ranged
from several tens nm/RIU to less than 1000nm/RIU depending on the nanostructure and metal species, which at least
an order of magnitude less than conventional SPR biosensor in wavelength interrogation. In this work, an innovative
common-path phase interrogation system is applied for LSPR detection. Phase difference in our home-made system
is simply extracted through the correlation of optical intensity under different polarization without any heterodyne
optical modulator or piezoelectric transducer, and thus low down the cost and complexity in optical setup. In
addition, signal-to-noise ratio is substantially reduced since the signal wave and reference wave share the common
path. In our preliminary results, LSPR resolution of Au nanodisk array is 1.74 x 10-4 RIU by wavelength
interrogation; on the other side, LSPR resolution of Au nanodisk array is 2.02x10-6 RIU in phase interrogation.
LSPR sensitivity is around one order of magnitude enhanced. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LSPR sensitivity
can be further enhanced by phase interrogation.
We present a negative refractive index medium (NRIM) operating at multiple-angle incidences by
expanding a conventional planar metamaterial to a three-dimensional (3D) structure. The proposed 3D
NRIM is comprised of semi-spherical metal shells and planar plamonic wires, thus giving rise to
negative magnetic permeability and negative electric permittivity, respectively. Our results show that
reflectance (transmittance) peaks slightly which locate the region of negative refraction index are
insensitive to the incident angles from 0° to 45° and the polarization of the excitation wave at a certain
range of frequencies. Such pseudo-isotropic NRIM may be exploited for superlens and antenna
applications.
Slowing light has arisen increasing attentions due to its applications
for optical switching, optical hard disk and memories. Among several systems to
potentially demonstrate the slowing light effect, such as electromagnetic induced
transparency (EIT), metamaterial analogue EIT, left-handed waveguides, foremost is
the three-layered left-handed waveguides (LHWG). Therefore, by using a negative
refraction index medium (NRIM) operated at multiple-angle incidences to construct
an LHWG, herein we experimentally demonstrate the effect of slowing light by
activating the oscillatory mode at certain frequency. Our results confirmed by
introducing E-field (or H-field) distribution and power flow recording in CST
simulation software.
We present an ultra-wide band bandpass filter at 60 GHz by utilizing transmission-line metamaterial comprises an
open and a short resonator. The cornerstone of this ultra-wide-band bandpass filter is founded on the coupling between
the short and open resonators at their resonant states. Our simulation result manifests that the coupled short and open
resonators provide a passband by combining a left-handed region and a right-handed region, and thus achieve a
bandwidth of 6.2 GHz between 57.4 GHz and 63.6 GHz. Further, the stop band is widely extended down to DC and up to
109.4 GHz. Such characteristic is applicable for the 60 GHz wireless communication.
New designs "meta-atom" and "meta-material" composed from all-dielectric resonators with high Q and low loss, this
kind metamaterial is coupled from propagating plane wave and generates electromagnetic response like
electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic vapor. The "meta-atom" or "meta-molecular" are not only workable
in room temperature but also enable three dimensional ommidirectionally incident with superposition stacking.
Meanwhile, the EIT-like via dielectric metamaterial with high transmittance, dramatic index change and tunable
operating frequency. The simulation result agrees the possibility electromagnetically induced transparency -like bulk
exists from microwave to THz region.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been widely used for dynamical analysis of molecular affinity,
bacterium screening, and drug discovery due to its advantages of label-free detection, dynamic interaction analysis, small
sample volume, and ultra sensitivity (feasibility of single molecular detection). Recently, SPR biosensing for cell
imaging known as SPR microscopy (SPRM) has attracted great attention due to the characteristics of SPR biosensors.
However, it is well known that the trends of sensitivity and spatial resolution are opposite to each other: Surface plasmon
waves (SPWs) with shorter wavelength which provides higher spatial resolution has less sensitivity. It is known that the
spatial resolution of SPRM is limited by the propagation length of surface plasmon wave (SPW) along the metaldielectric
interface. SPW excited by 632.8 nm light has the propagation length of 3 um. This length becomes longer
when a longer wavelength is selected. While most of SPR biosensors are built with 632.8 nm or longer wavelength for
high sensitivity, using 532nm light to excite SPWs is desired for submicron resolution since the propagation length is
around 150 nm. Different from current phase interrogation methods, the proposed phase interrogation method is highly
sensitive and suitable for CCD imaging. Although it is generally believed that SPWs with wavelength 532nm has poor
sensitivity, the experimental result showed that the setup can reach the sensitivity lower than 2×10-6 RIU when
sucrose is used as the test sample.
By introducing both cavity mode and plasmonic resonance
simultaneously in the designed sandwiched metamaterials, we present a scalable
bandpass filter to demonstrate ultra-wide bandwidth, excellent efficiency and sharp
band-edge transition. Our results show that this bandpass filter possess ultra-wide
bandwidth (UWB) of 20 GHz centered at 60.5 GHz, with almost zero reflectance
(0.0042) and present transitions within 0.6 GHz from -3dB to -20dB for upper and
lower transmittance band-edge transition. Such an UWB bandpass filter is applicable
for the commercialized unlicensed 60 GHz spectrum with a bandwidth exceeding 9
GHz, an unanswerable question for conventional passive bandpass filters to possess
wide bandwidth and high quality factor simultaneously.
We introduce the symmetric and asymmetric coupling between two geometry-different split-ring resonators (SRRs) with
dissimilar resonance frequencies and quality factors. An additional sharp transmission peak is excited as the strong
coupling occurs between a narrow subradiant resonance and a broad superradiant resonance by examining the spacing of
two SRR constituents. The mechanism of such induced transparency is elucidated well by the suppression of induced
currents within the SRR element with a lower quality factor. Finally, the excitation of asymmetrically coupled resonance
(ACR) is further associated with remarkable confinement of electromagnetic field on nanoscale, providing a dramatically
sensing performance due to its pronounced sensitivity and a characteristic of sharp bandwidth.
Intensity interrogation of SPR biosensor owns high sensitivity, and is generally used
as SPR microscopy due to the optical intensity variation. Therefore, it is substantial to
improve its sensitivity to have a better sensing ability and image quality. In this paper,
we discussed numerically and experimentally the influence of sensitivity by metal
thickness, and provide a design rule of manifesting optimized thickness to maximize
sensitivity in intensity interrogation.
We propose a multi-mode refractive index sensor based on split ring resonators (SRRs). By applying thin dielectric layer
with varied refractive index on top of planar SRRs, we clarify the relationship among sensitivity, resonant modes and the
size of SRRs based on standing-wave plasmonic resonances model. Significant peak shifts are observed in FTIR
measurement spectrums, consisting with the simulation results which suggest impressive sensitivities closer to SPR or
LSPR for different resonant modes. Next, the corresponding detection lengths of each mode were examined by varying
the thickness of the overlaid dielectric layer. Lower modes include 1||, 2⊥ and 3|| show thickness saturation effect within
500 nm while higher modes such as 5||, 6⊥ and 7|| present longer detection length at micron scale, which namely, no
saturation effect is observed when the thickness of dielectric layer increased to 2 um. This valuable merit enables the
analysis of activation-dependent cellular interactions that other label-free techniques like surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) are incapable of. In conclusion, the distinct sensing behavior including sensitivity and detection length of the multi
resonant modes in SRRs was investigated, showing SRR-based sensors promise a real-time, operation frequency flexible
and multi-mode solution for biological and chemical detection.
The concept of negative refraction promises to rewrite the electromagnetic textbooks due to its corresponding
unprecedented properties including inverse Snell's law, inverse Doppler shift, and inverse Cherenkov radiation. Recently,
the first demonstration of negative refractive index media (NRIM) was realized by D.R. Smith et al. who integrated two
respective sets of sub-wavelength resonant structures (i.e., plasmonic wires and split-ring resonators) to exhibit negative
electric permittivity and magnetic permeability simultaneously. More recently, other resonant structures made of a single
set of unit cells also suggested negative refraction phenomena, enabling to ease the fabrication. Yet, all those resonant
structures behave anisotropically and thereby, currently it is still challenging to realize negative refraction for different
exciting incidences such as grazing-angle and normal incident configurations. In this paper, we design and simulate a
monolithic set of double-layer resonant structures not only possessing negative refraction, but also simultaneously
responding to both grazing-angle and normal incident excitations within microwave region. In accordance with the
results of S-parameter simulation and the retrieved material properties, we clearly observe two allowed narrow bands to
indicate the existence of pseudo-isotropic NRIM (PINRIM). Our results show that the designed monolithic set of
double-layer structures can extensively broaden the valuable applications of negative refraction owing to its
pseudo-isotropic response.
We present S and P polarized measurements of artificial bianisotropic magnetic metamaterials with resonant behavior at infrared frequencies. These metamaterials consist of an array of micron sized (~40μm) copper rings fabricated upon a quartz substrate. Simulation of the reflectance is obtained through a combination of electromagnetic eigenmode simulation and Jones matrix analysis, and we find excellent agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that although the artificial magnetic materials do indeed exhibit a magnetic response, care must be taken to avoid an undesirable electric dipole resonance, due to lack of reflection symmetry in one orientation. The effects of bianisotropy on negative index are detailed and shown to be beneficial for certain configurations of the material parameters.
We employed micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) techniques to fabricate parallel sub-wavelength thin-wire structures of metals on elastomeric matrices. From the transmission measurement by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, we observed the depressed plasma frequencies of these thin-wire structures at terahertz (THz) ranges. Furthermore, the behavior of depressed plasma frequencies is very sensitive to the polarization of the applied field. The reasons that these engineered materials exhibit unprecedented properties not observed in nature can be interpreted by two factors: the diluted electron densities and the enhancement of electron mass. In addition, the plasma frequencies are readily tunable over a broad frequency range by extending the elastomeric matrices to change their periodicity. These novel properties of tunable and polarization-dependant plasma frequencies at THz ranges promise abundant striking applications in THz optics.
Recent theoretical works have suggested the possibility of constructing a diffraction-free lens by using a negative refractive index medium (NRIM). The key theoretical proposition is that evanescent waves can be greatly enhanced by increasing the thickness of the NRIM. We present here experimental evidence on enhanced transmission of evanescent waves via surface plasmon at a thin silver film operating near surface plasma resonant frequency. We found the transmission of evanescent waves rapidly grows with the film thickness up to about 50 nm, after which it decays as loss becomes significant. These experiments also demonstrated the broadening of enhanced transmission spectrum as photon energy approaches plasma resonance εAg = -1 condition. These findings represent the first step toward the understanding and realization of a diffraction-free lens by using NRIM.
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