Massive stars deeply influence their surroundings by their luminosity and the injection of kinetic energy. So
far, they have mostly been studied with spatially unresolved observations, although evidence of geometrical
complexity of their wind are numerous. Interferometry can provide spatially resolved observations of massive
stars and their immediate vicinity. Specific geometries (disks, jets, latitude-dependent winds) can be probed by
this technique.
The first observation of a Wolf-Rayet (WR) star (γ2 Vel) with the AMBER/VLTI instrument yielded to a
re-evaluation of its distance and an improved characterization of the stellar components, from a very limited
data-set. This motivated our team to increase the number of WR targets observed with AMBER. We present
here new preliminary results that encompass several spectral types, ranging from early WN to evolved dusty
WC.
We present unpublished data on WR79a, a massive star probably at the boundary between the O and Wolf-Rayet type, evidencing some
Wolf-Rayet broad emission lines from an optically thin wind. We also present new data obtained on γ2 Vel that can be compared to the up-to-date interferometry-based orbital parameters from North et al. (2007). We discuss the presence of a wind-wind collision zone in the system and provide preliminary analysis suggesting the presence of such a structure in the data. Then, we present data obtained on 2 dusty Wolf-Rayet stars: WR48a-b and WR118, the latter exhibiting some clues of a pinwheel-like structure from the
visibility variations.
Two interferometric instruments at ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) - MIDI and AMBER
operating in the mid-infrared (8-13 μm) and the near-infrared (JHK), respectively - have proven to be
very powerful to study the physical properties of the circumstellar material around evolved stars. With the
"spectro-interferometric" capability of MIDI and AMBER, we can disentangle spectral and spatial information
on the observed object. VLTI observations have confirmed our pictures on the circumstellar environment
of cool evolved stars in some cases but brought about entirely unexpected pictures in other cases. Here, we
present our recent results obtained with VLTI/MIDI.
We present interferometric near-infrared observations of the Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) η Car using the
Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) and the AMBER instrument of the European Southern Observatory
(ESO). A high spatial resolution of 5 mas (~11.5 AU) and a high spectral resolution R = λ/Δλ=1500 and
12000 were obtained. Some of the data was recorded using the fringe tracker FINITO. The observations were
obtained in the wavelength range around both the He I 2.059 μm and the Brγ 2.166 μm emission lines. The
AMBER interferograms allow the investigation of the wavelength dependence of η Car's visibility, wavelength-differential phase, and closure phase. If we fit Hillier et al. model visibilities to the observations, we obtain
50% encircled-energy diameters of 4.2, 6.5 and 9.6 mas in the 2.17 μm continuum, the He I, and the Brγ emission
lines, respectively. In the continuum, an elongation along a position angle of 120° ± 15° was derived from the
visibilities. The VLTI observations support theoretical models of anisotropic winds from fast-rotating, luminous
hot stars with enhanced high-velocity mass loss near the pole.
The regularized and space-variant Building Block method allow the reconstruction of diffraction-limited aperture-synthesis images from Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) LINC-NIRVANA data. Images with the diffraction-limited resolution of a 22.8 m single-dish telescope can be reconstructed if raw images are taken at several different hour angles. Computer-generated and laboratory LBT interferograms were simulated that are similar to the data which can be obtained with the LINC-NIRVANA beam combiner instrument. From the simulated interferograms, diffraction-limited images were reconstructed with the regularized Building Block method, which is an extension of the Building Block method. We compare the Building Block reconstructions to images obtained with the Richardson-Lucy (RL) method and the Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization (OSEM) method. Our image reconstruction studies were performed with computer-simulated J-band and laboratory H-band raw data of a galaxy with simulated total magnitudes of J = 16 to 18 and H = 16 to 19, respectively. One of the faintest structures in the images has a brightness of J~25. The simulated reference stars within the isoplanatic patch have magnitudes of J = 20 - 21 and H = 19. All three methods are able to reconstruct diffraction-limited images of similar quality.
We present the first interferometric NIR observations of the LBV η Carinae with high spectral resolution. The observations were carried out with three 8.2 m VLTI Unit Telescopes in the K-band. The raw data are spectrally dispersed interferograms obtained with spectral resolutions of 1,500 (MR-K mode) and 12,000 (HR-K mode). The observations were performed in the wavelength range around both the He I 2.059 μm and the Brγ 2.166 μm emission lines. The spectrally dispersed AMBER interferograms allow the investigation of the wavelength dependence of the visibility, differential phase, and closure phase of η Car. In the K-band continuum, a diameter of 4.0±0.2 mas (Gaussian FWHM) was measured for η Car's optically thick wind region, whereas the Brγ and He I emission line regions are larger. If we fit Hillier et al. model visibilities to the observed AMBER visibilities, we obtain 50% encircled-energy diameters of 4.3, 6.5 and 9.6 mas in the 2.17 μm continuum, the He I, and the Brγemission lines, respectively. In the continuum near the Brγ line, an elongation along a position angle of 128° ± 15° was found, consistent with previous VLTI/VINCI measurements. We find good agreement between the measured visibilities and the predictions of the radiative transfer model of Hillier et al. For the interpretation of the non-zero differential and closure phases measured within the Brγ line, we present a simple geometric model of an inclined, latitude-dependent wind zone. Our observations support theoretical models of anisotropic winds from fast-rotating, luminous hot stars with enhanced high-velocity mass loss near the polar regions.
We present the results of N-band spectro-interferometric observations of the silicate carbon star Hen 38 (IRAS08002-3803) with the MID-infrared Interferometric instrument (MIDI) at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) of the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Our observations of IRAS08002-3803 with baseline lengths of 39-47 m have spatially resolved the dusty environment of a silicate carbon star for the first time and revealed an unexpected wavelength dependence of the angular size in the N band: the uniform-disk diameter is found to be constant and ~36 mas (72 R*) between 8 and 10 μm, while it steeply increases longward of 10 μm to reach ~53 mas (106 R*) at 13 μm. Neither spherical shell models nor axisymmetric disk models consisting of silicate grains alone can simultaneously explain the observed wavelength dependence of the visibility and the spectral energy distribution (SED). We propose that the circumstellar environment of IRAS08002-3803 may consist of two grain species coexisting in the disk: silicate and a second grain species, for which we consider amorphous carbon, large silicate grains, and metallic iron grains. Comparison of the observed visibilities and SED with our models shows that such disk models can fairly - though not entirely satisfactorily - reproduce the observed SED and N-band visibilities. Our MIDI observations and the radiative transfer calculations lend support to the picture where oxygen-rich material around IRAS08002-3803 is stored in a circumbinary disk surrounding the carbon-rich primary star and its putative low-luminosity companion.
LINC-NIRVANA is an imaging interferometer for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) and will make use of multi-conjugated adaptive optics (MCAO) with two 349 actuators deformable mirrors (DM), two 672 actuator deformable secondary mirrors and a total of 4 wavefront sensors (WFS) by using 8 or 12 natural guide stars each. The goal of the MCAO is to increase sky coverage and achieve a medium Strehl-ratio over the 2 arcmin field of view. To test the concepts and prototypes, a laboratory setup of one MCAO arm is being built. We present the layout of the MCAO prototype, planned and accomplished tests, especially for the used Xinetics DMs, and a possible setup for a test on sky with an existing 8m class telescope.
On the way to the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT) the Large Binocular
Telescope (LBT) is an intermediate step. The two 8.4m mirrors create a masked aperture of 23m. LINC-NIRVANA is an instrument taking advantage of this opportunity. It will get, by means of Multi-Conjugated Adaptive Optics (MCAO), a moderate Strehl Ratio over a 2 arcmin field of view, which is used for Fizeau (imaging) interferometry in J,H and K. Several MCAO concepts, which are
proposed for ELTs, will be proven with this instrument. Studies of sub-systems are done in the laboratory and the option to test them on sky are kept open. We will show the implementation of the MCAO concepts and control aspects of the instrument and present the road map to the final installation at LBT. Major milestones of LINC-NIRVANA, like preliminary design review or final design review are already done or in preparation. LINC-NIRVANA is one of the
few MCAO instruments in the world which will see first light and go into operation within the next years.
AMBER had first light in March 2004. The guaranteed time observations of the AMBER consortium (LAOG, MPIfR, OAA, OCA, UNSA) consists of 87 proposals ranging from cosmology, extragalactic studies, star formation, planetary system, late stages of stellar evolution to physical properties of stars. Some examples, AGN, evolved stars and hot stars are discussed in this paper.
We present K-band commissioning observations of the Mira star prototype o Cet obtained at the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) with the VINCI instrument and two siderostats.
The observations were carried out between 2001 October and December, in 2002 January and December, and in 2003 January. Rosseland angular radii are derived from the measured visibilities by fitting theoretical visibility functions obtained from center-to-limb intensity variations (CLVs) of Mira star models. Using the derived Rosseland angular radii and the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) reconstructed from available photometric and spectrophotometric data, we find effective temperatures ranging from T_eff=3192 +/- 200 K at phase 0.13 to 2918 +/- 183 K at phase 0.26. Comparison of these Rosseland radii, effective temperatures, and the shape of the observed visibility functions with model predictions suggests that o Cet is a fundamental mode pulsator. Furthermore, we investigated the variation of visibility function and diameter with phase. The Rosseland angular diameter of o Cet increased from 28.9 +/- 0.3 mas
(corresponding to a Rosseland radius of 332 +/- 38 Rsun for a distance of D=107 +/- 12 pc) at phase 0.13 to 34.9 +/- 0.4 mas (402 +/- 46 Rsun) at phase 0.4. The observational error of the Rosseland linear radius almost entirely results from the error of the parallax, since the error of the angular diameter is only approximately 1%.
We present near-infrared speckle interferometry of the OH/IR star OH 104.9+2.4 in the $K'$ band obtained with the 6m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). At a wavelength of λ = 2.12 micron the diffraction-limited resolution of 74 mas was attained. The reconstructed visibility reveals a spherically symmetric, circumstellar dust shell (CDS) surrounding the central star. The visibility function shows that the stellar contribution to the total flux at λ = 2.12 micron is less than ~50%, indicating a rather large optical depth of the CDS. The azimuthally averaged 1-dimensional Gaussian visibility fit yields a diameter of 47 +/- 3 mas (FHWM), which corresponds to 112 +/- 13 AU for an adopted distance of D = 2.38 +\- 0.24 kpc. To determine the structure and the properties of the CDS of OH 104.9+2.4, radiative transfer calculations using the code DUSTY were performed to simultaneously model its visibility and the spectral energy distribution (SED). We found that both the ISO spectrum and the visibility of
OH 104.9+2.4 can be well reproduced by a radiative transfer model with an effective temperature Teff = 2500 +/- 500 K of the central source, a dust temperature Tin = 1000 +/- 200 K at the inner shell boundary Rin = 9.1 Rstar = 25.4 AU, an optical depth tau = 6.5 +/- 0.3 at 2.2 micron, and dust grain radii ranging from amin = 0.005 +/- 0.003 micron to amax = 0.2 +/- 0.02 micron with a power law with index -3.5. It was found that even minor changes in amax
have a major impact on both the slope and the curvature of the visibility function, while the SED shows only minor changes. Our detailed analysis demonstrates the potential of dust shell modeling constrained by both the SED and visibilities.
LINC-NIRVANA is a near-infrared (1-2.4 micron) beam-combiner instrument for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). LINC-NIRVANA is being built by a consortium of groups at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie in Heidelberg, the Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri in Florence, the Universitat zu Koln, and the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie in Bonn. The MPI fur Radioastronomie is responsible for the near-infrared detector for the fringe and flexure tracking system (FFTS).
We describe the design and construction of the detector control electronics as well as the first laboratory measurements of performance parameters of the NIR detector for the fringe and flexure tracking system of the LBT LINC-NIRVANA instrument. This detector has to record LBT interferograms of suitable reference stars in the FOV at a frame rate of the order of 200 frames per second using, for example, 32 x 32-pixel subframes. Moreover, special noise reduction techniques have to be applied. The fringe-tracker interferograms are required for monitoring and closed-loop correction of the atmospheric optical path difference of the two LBT wavefronts (see C. Straubmeier et al., "A fringe and flexure tracking system for LINC-NIRVANA: basic design and principle of operation"). We will describe our laboratory measurements of maximum frame rate, readout noise, photometric stability, and other important parameters together with first measurements of laboratory simulations of LBT interferograms.
AMBER (Astronomical Multiple BEam Recombiner) is a 3 aperture
interferometric recombiner operating between 1 and 2.5 um, for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). The control software of the instrument, based on the VLT Common Software, has been written to comply with specific features of the AMBER hardware, such as the Infrared detector read out modes or piezo stage drivers, as well as with the very specific operation modes of an interferomtric instrument.
In this respect, the AMBER control software was designed to insure that all operations, from the preparation of the observations to the control/command of the instrument during the observations, would be kept as simple as possible for the users and operators, opening the use of an interferometric instrument to the largest community of astronomers. Peculiar attention was given to internal checks and calibration procedures both to evaluate data quality in real time,
and improve the successes of long term UV plane coverage observations.
LINC-NIRVANA is a Fizeau interferometer for the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) doing imaging in the near infrared (J,H,K - band). Multi-conjugated adaptive optics is used to increase sky coverage and to get diffraction limited images over a 2 arcminute field of view. The control system consists of five independent loops, which are mediated through a master control. Due to the configuration, LINC-NIRVANA has no delay line like other interferometers. To remove residual atmospheric piston, the system must control both the primary and secondary mirrors, in addition to a third, dedicated piston mirror. This leads to a complex and interlocked control scheme and software. We will present parts of the instrument software design, which was developed in an object-oriented manner using UML. Several diagram types were used to structure the overall system and to evaluate the needs and interfaces of each sub-system to each other.
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