This paper discusses refractive index (n) measurement capabilities of interferometers based on micro-cavities of various diameters (d = 50 and 60 μm) fabricated in optical fibers by a femtosecond laser. In comparison to previously presented structures, the reported sensor operates in the near-infrared spectral range. Bottom of the cavity intersected the fiber’s core (5.2 μm in diameter), which induced the Mach-Zehnder interferometer effect. After filling the cavity, a set of minima can be observed in the transmission spectrum, and they shift in wavelength with a change in n. The fabricated sensors exhibit high and linear sensitivity and can measure sub-nanoliter volumes of liquids, what make this sensor perfect for various diagnostic medical or biochemical applications.
We report the results of our study of the spectral shifts caused by surrounding refractive index changes (SRI) in bent fibre tapers. Fused and etched fibre tapers were fabricated using a gas burner and HF acid. Spectral shifts as high as 200 nm have been observed for SRI variations from 1.33 to 1.44 and sensitivity as high as 830 nm/r.i.u. around water RI values. We present results for refractometric measurements of cow milk of varying fat content and compare results with those obtained with conventional Abbe refractometers and high sensitivity double resonance LPGs.
Oxy-fluoride glasses containing strontium carbonate doped with samarium have been prepared. The glasses are sorted with respect to the quantity of strontium carbonate. The fluorescence spectra recorded for different pumping wavelengths are presented. We have investigated the influence of the excitation on the efficiency of the fluorescence, depending on the quantity of strontium carbonate in the samples for a variety of excitation wavelengths. The results of optical pumping in the range 370 - 490 nm show a typical fluorescence spectrum of Sm3+. When pumped with wavelengths above 500 nm a new peak that has not been reported appeared in the fluorescence spectrum. From the data analysis the range of appearance of the fluorescence peak was determined and the most efficient source for its excitation was found.
In the present paper we study the response to surrounding refractive index (SRI) changes of bent fused fiber tapers. The core-cladding mode interference response occurs at particular bending angles and the refractometric response exhibits different sensitivities. The sensitivities greater than 3000 nm/r.i.u. for SRI (surrounding refractive index) larger than 1.43 and as high as 6000 nm/r.i.u. are reached for SRI above 1.44.
In this paper we derive interference equations and present theoretical models for a variety of cases of interfering mode pairs: non-degenerate and non-degenerate; non-degenerate and degenerate as well as degenerate and degenerate even/odd LP modes assuming a Gaussian approximation and an identical polarization. For 2x2 fiber
couplers of different coupling ratios and single mode at 1310/1550nm, we measure the coupling ratio in a few mode regime of operation at 650nm and record the pattern distributions. We find a very good correspondence between theoretical and experimental results which will be used for optimizing a CCD array used for the analysis of the
external disturbances along an optical fiber intrusion sensor.
In the present work we study the effect of the length of fluorescent dye-filled micro-capillaries on the fluorescence
spectra. Two types of micro-capillaries have been studied: a 100 μm inner diameter fused silica capillary with a
transparent coating and one of the holes of a fiber optic glass ferrule with 125 μm inner diameter. The tubes were filled
with solutions of Rhodamine 6G dissolved in ethanol and then in glycerin. Experimental data show that the maximum
fluorescence and the largest spectral widths are observed for a sample length of about 0.25 mm for the used
concentration. This results show that miniature tunable fiberized dye lasers can be developed using available standard
micro-and fibre-optic components.
In this paper we report our progress on the development of a spatially and spectrally multiplexed LPG-based
fiber-optic sensor that uses an InGaAs CCD linear array and a diffraction grating for the detection of spectral
changes. Three 1x2 fiber-optical switches are used to realize a system of spatial multiplexing of four sensing
channels. Up to three LPGs can be connected in series in each channel. The end grating of each channel has a
fiber reflector spliced to it and the reflected signals are directed to the detection unit via a circulator. To test the
system bending and external refractive index changes have been traced.
The paper presents a modification of the refractive-index (RI) response of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based
intermodal interferometer using a thin plasma-deposited silicon nitride (SiNx) overlay with a high refractive index. We
show that the film overlay can effectively change the distribution of the cladding modes and thus tune the RI sensitivity
of the interferometer. Thanks to the nano-coating we were able to increase RI sensitivity eightfold in the range required
for biosensors (nD~1.33). Due to the extreme hardness of SiNx films and their excellent adhesion to the fiber surface, we
believe that after the deposition the device can still maintain its advantages, i.e. lack of degradation over time or with
temperature.
In this work we present an analysis of the response of a compact, simple and inexpensive optoelectronic
sensor system intended to detect spectral shifts of a long-period fiber grating (LPG). The system makes use of a
diffraction grating and a couple of receiving optical fibers that pick up signals at two different wavelengths. This
differential detection system provides the same useful information from an LPG-based sensor as with a conventional
laboratory system using optical spectrum analyzers for monitoring the minimum offset of LPG. The design of the
fiber detection pair as a function of the parameters of the dispersion grating, the pick-up fiber and the LPG
parameters, is presented in detail. Simulation of the detection system responses is presented using real from spectral
shifts in nano-coated LPGs caused by the evaporation of various liquids such as water, ethanol and acetone, which
are examples of corrosive, flammable and hazardous substances. Fiber optic sensors with similar detection can find
applications in structural health monitoring for moisture detection, monitoring the spillage of toxic and flammable
substances in industry etc.
This paper presents a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor. The sensor structure is quite simple. It is
composed of three segments of optical fibers spliced together. The multimode fibers with core diameter of 50 μm are
used for light input and output. The middle fiber is a short segment of PCF, ESM-12-01. Although it has some
advantages such as being able to operate in single mode for a large number of light wavelengths and has great
temperature stability, it also has a common drawback of the PCFs, that is, the tiny holes will collapse when they are
spliced. This paper makes use of this drawback to facilitate the generation of the surface plasmon resonance. The spliced
region of a PCF actually becomes a thin silica rod that is no longer a PCF or a traditional optical fiber. For this reason
once the light travels into this region it diverts in all possible directions. Thus, the splice acts as a mode converter that
converts the core modes of the multimode fiber into a set of the modes spreading into the PCF cladding. Among those
modes some are suitable for SPR excitation. The width and the depth of the output spectrum dip depend on the length of
the sensing part and the thickness and uniformity of the gold coating, and hence these parameters affect the properties of
the sensor. The developed sensor is compact in size, simple to fabricate, promising in performance, and has a potential
for practical applications.
We have studied the spectral dependence of the Stokes parameters, degree of polarization and the PDL in
cascaded long-period gratings in Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometric arrangements. The LPGs were made
using the arc-fusion method. The PDL and depolarization were found to be lower for the Michelson arrangement
compared to the Mach-Zehnder interferometric scheme.
Periodically tapered long-period fiber gratings (TLPFGs) were manufactured with Corning SMF-28 and Blazephotonics ESM-12-01 optical fibers and developed into fiber-optic pressure sensors. Their pressure sensitivity and temperature effect were measured. Compared with pressure sensors using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), the pressure sensor equipped with a TLPFG made from photonic ESM-12-01 crystal fiber displayed superior properties both in pressure sensitivity and temperature effect.
LP01-LP02 intermodal interference in highly birefringent (Hi-Bi) elliptical jacket and bow-tie optical fibers was studied experimentally. The response of the interferometer to strain was measured for different polarization inputs. The experiments are shown to agree with a previous theoretical investigation of LP01-LP02 intermodal polarization interference. The modal distributions of the interfering modes are found to be different in elliptical-core and in bow-tie fibers. Comparison with the LP01-LP11 interferometric response is presented. Optimum detection schemes are suggested to extract maximum information from the strain-modulated sensor signal.
An experimental study of the performance of an all-fiber polarimetric pressure sensor is carried out. The sensor is in the form of a multifiber assembly composed of a low- or a highly-birefringent (Lo-Bi or Hi-Bi) single-mode lead-in, a Hi-Bi sensing fiber and a Hi-Bi polarizing fiber all spliced in sequence. Theoretically the polarization behavior of the assembly is described by means of the Mueller-Stokes matrix method in the general quasimonochromatic case. The response of the sensor to hydrostatic pressure at different temperatures and with different lengths of sensing fiber is described. The spectral distribution of the semiconductor laser was monitored by changing the injection current so that the effect on the visibility and the stability of operation could be considered.
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