In a whisk-broom sensor, such as the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-R series of geostationary satellites, the sensor optics projects the observed scene onto the sensor focal plane arrays (FPA), with the detectors arranged in a column perpendicular to the scan direction. An assessment system compares the images made by the sensor with known landmarks and calculates the image deviations from the landmark positions. These deviations are called navigation residuals, and in this work they are interpreted in a broad sense as deviations of the actual from the ideal optical paths. The deviations can be caused by several issues, such as a sensor pointing error, deficiency in sensor optics, and inaccuracy of detector locations on FPA. As the ABI sensor scans the Earth to make a full-disk image in 22 parallel swaths, we refer the landmark residuals from all swaths to the observing detector positions in the ABI detector column. This interpretation inverts the retrieval of navigation residuals and gives deviations of the image from the expected ideal position on an ideal FPA. As the errors of pointing and sensor optics can be assessed independently, the remaining deviations can be interpreted as these with respect to the ideal detector position map (in other words, to the pre-launch assessment). We call these deviations the apparent detector positions. Knowledge of these deviations will greatly simplify the navigation commissioning for future ABI sensors and similar devices. Using our archive of ABI image navigation data for ABI sensor on the GOES-16 satellite, we show the wealth of additional information about the sensor on-orbit condition that may be extracted with the proposed method. This algorithm can use any image navigation system that is sufficiently precise.
GOES-17 was launched on March 1, 2018, and became GOES-West at 137.2°W on February 12, 2019. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard GOES-17 has 16 bands to provide continuous data stream for weather forecasting and disaster monitoring. This poster summarizes the monitoring of GOES-17 calibration performance at the GOES-R Calibration Working Group (CWG), including radiometric, geometric, and spectral calibration. We monitor instrument calibration measurements and parameters, as well as the quality of the radiance product, including various accuracy and stability metrics of radiometric and geometric calibration. Our monitoring system has been an invaluable asset to users for instrument and products status, to instrument vendors for instrument anomaly diagnosis, to ground system vendors for software upgrade verification, to payload engineers for operational anomaly diagnosis, and to program managers for situational awareness. Several examples will be provided.
More than 2-years of GOES-16 and more than 1-year of GOES-17 CENRAIS daily average navigation results have been used to study the systematic geometric biases of images and its seasonal variations. The data are first divided into the sections by the dates of the major INR-related updates and other navigation-changing events. Event selection was based on the CWG Calibration Event Log. Linear and seasonal trends were investigated and results will be presented.Exceptional stability of the image navigation was found for the Visible and Near-Infrared (VNIR) channels for both ABI sensors, with good stability of the other infrared (IR) channels. The improvements or impacts of INR residuals in both NS and EW directions can be seen with each major INR related calibration events over time which include Kalman filter updates, G17 Yaw-Flip, observation timeline change, and other software updates and deployment. Fourier Transform has been applied to 2-year GOES-16 and 1-year GOES-17 navigation resid
The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard NOAA’s GOES-16 satellite has been operational as GOES-East since December 18th, 2017. It is a multi-channel passive imaging radiometer with 16 spectral bands covering the visible, near infrared and infrared (IR) spectra, to captured variable area imagery and radiometric information of the Earth’s surface, atmosphere and cloud cover. The Level 1B (L1b) radiance images of these channels are geometrically and radiometrically corrected to provide high quality input data to the user communities. Three series of tests are undertaken to validate the product maturity levels: Post-launch Test (PLT), Post-launch Product Test (PLPT) and Extended Validation (EV). Engineering-focused metrics reflecting the radiometric quality of ABI L1b radiance image are assessed in these tests, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)/noise-equivalent-differential temperature (NEdT), background coherent noise pattern, detector dynamic range, detector linearity, etc. Direct Earth view image analysis using image processing tool such as Fourier transform can also reveal information about its quality. In this presentation, initial results of selected PLPTs undertaken by GOES-R Calibration Working Group (CWG) are provided with the focus for IR bands. The results show that the general criterion for product maturity have been largely met. Occasional artifacts still existing at smaller scale are reported. There has been continuous effort to monitor, analyze and resolve these artifacts to further improve the L1b image quality.
GOES-16, the first new generation of NOAA’s geostationary satellite, was launched on November 19, 2016. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is the key payload of the mission. The instrument performance and satellite intercalibration results show that infrared (IR) radiances are well calibrated and very stable. Yet during its early post-launch tests (PLT) and post-launch product tests (PLPT) period, several calibration anomalies were identified with the IR bands: 1) the IR measurements of the Continental United States (CONUS) and mesoscale (MESO) images demonstrated an artificial periodicity of 15 minutes - Periodic Infrared Calibration Anomaly (PICA), in line with the Mode-3 timeline; and 2) the calibration coefficients displayed small discontinuities twice a day around satellite noon and midnight, which resulted in slight detectable diurnal calibration variations. This work is to report our investigation to the root causes of these anomalies, validation of the anomaly corrections, and assessment of the impacts of the corrections on the radiance quality. By examining the radiometrically calibrated space-swath radiance collected from the moon chasing events, it was found that these anomalies were attributed to the residuals of the spatial uniformity corrections for the scan mirrors. A new set of scan mirror emissivity correction Look-Up Tables (LUTs) were later delivered by the Vendor and implemented operationally. Further analyses showed that the new emissivity LUTs significantly reduced the periodic radiometric variation and diurnal variations. The same method will be applied to validate the IR spatial uniformity for the future GOES-R series ABI instruments.
The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the GOES-16 satellite, which was launched on 19 November 2016, is the first next-generation geostationary weather instrument in the west hemisphere. It has 16 spectral solar reflective and emissive bands located in three focal plane modules (FPM): one visible and near infrared (VNIR) FPM, one midwave infrared (MWIR), and one longwave infrared (LWIR) FPM. All the ABI bands are geometeorically calibrated with new techniques of Kalman filtering and Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine the accurate spacecraft attitude and orbit configuration to meet the challenging image navigation and registration (INR) requirements of ABI data. This study is to validate the ABI navigation and band-to-band registration (BBR) accuracies using the spectrally matched pixels of the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) M-band data and the ABI images from the Simultaneous Nadir Observation (SNO) images. The preliminary results showed that during the ABI post-launch product test (PLPT) period, the ABI BBR errors at the y-direction (along the VIIRS track direction) is smaller than at the x-direction (along the VIIRS scan direction). Variations in the ABI BBR calibration residuals and navigation difference to VIIRS can be observed. Note that ABI is not operational yet and the data is experimental and still under testing. Effort is still ongoing to improve the ABI data quality.
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