The polarization filtering property of ideal PhC waveguides can be reinstated in the practical PhC slab waveguide also which was compromised due to the newly originated index guided modes in PhC slab waveguides. This can be done by controlling the side wall corrugation of the guiding portion of the PhC waveguide. By doing so, the guided TE, TM, and continuum of bands can be decoupled with each other for a sufficient range of operating frequencies. This way a TM-pass efficient polarization filters has been shown using silicon PhC slab waveguide, which gives a maximum extinction ratio of ≈ 43 dB, insertion-loss -0.5 dB along with ≈ 100 dB nm bandwidth in merely 20 periods long structure.
Graphene has demonstrated significant advantages in the field of sensing due to its unique electrical and optical properties in the THz regime. Graphene sheets can support surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) under specific conditions. In the present analytical and numerical study, we analyzed the tunability of the plasmonic sensor based on the surface conductivity of graphene. The analysis has been done with TM polarized waves. The performance parameters of the plasmonic sensor, such as sensitivity, are also tuned and calculated in the present study.
Data communication around the whole globe has seen an enormous increase in the exchange of data across the networks. This has urged the need of optical communication systems that can provide the desired bandwidth. This paper is a step to the path of building such optical processing elements. The paper presents optical designs of a 3-bit incrementer and a 3- bit decrementer logic function. The two optical circuits increment or decrement each 3-bit input binary number by unity. The optical designs have been implemented using the LiNbO3 based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (LNMZI) electrooptical switches. The incrementer circuit has employed just five LNMZIs and the decrementer circuit has only six LNMZIs. The optical circuits have been designed and tested using beam propagation method (BPM). A critical analysis of the two designs has been performed by calculation of the important performance metric parameters like extinction ratio (ER), contrast ratio (CR), insertion loss (IL). The incrementer/decrementer shows best values of ER, CR and IL as 31.43 dB, 35.71 dB and 0.95 dB respectively. The calculated parameters have been found within the acceptable limits which support the feasibility of the design.
In this paper, tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter circuits using the electro-optical effect have been proposed. Both the tri-state devices have three terminals as input, output and enable. An enable terminal is used to control the direction of the flow of the input towards the output. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used as the switching element for the designing of the tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter. The tri-state buffer circuit transfers the data, as it is, to the desired output port and the tri-state inverter sends the inverted data to the desired output port. Using the tri-state buffer and inverter, an optical integrated circuit is proposed. To analyse the operation of the device, the performance parameters like extension ratio, insertion loss, and contrast ratio are computed and found as 26.65, 19.41 and 0.07 dB respectively.
In this paper, sensitivity analysis of fuel adulteration has been carried out. Kerosene is used as an adulterant due to its easy miscibility and cheap cost. It is noticed that net refractive index (RI) of adulterated diesel decreases as the kerosene level increased but reverse in the case of adulterated petrol. In our proposed sensor, we utilizes the etched Fiber Bragg Grating (eFBG) which enhanced the interaction between evanescent field and sensing medium to a greater extent. Concentration mixing is chosen in the succession of 10% in each case to detect the adulteration level in kerosene-diesel and kerosene-petrol. The experimental results of Bragg wavelength shifting and sensitivity was investigated. Sensitivity of 26.97 nm/RIU in the case diesel and 49.98 nm/RIU in the case petrol were recorded respectively. This kind of sensor is suitable for real time on-road sensing.
Salinity profile is an indicator of quality of water and marine life. Existing electrical salinity sensors are not very selective and suffer interference from presence of different kinds of ions. Thus they are being readily supplanted with optical fiber sensors, with added remote sensing capabilities and selectivity. Furthermore, the refractive index (RI) of the solutions bear strong correlation with amount of salt contained, thus rendering salinity measurement based on refractrometric techniques appropriate. In this paper, an etched fiber Bragg grating (eFBG) based evanescent field sensor is proposed that is capable of detecting salinity with sensitivity of approximately 1.825 nm/RIU at a concentration of 25% (% w/w) of sodium chloride (NaCl) at a constant temperature of 25°C.
In this paper, sensitivity analysis has been carried out of TiO2 coated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for chemical detection. FBG has been fabricated by Cu-vapour laser based second harmonic generation technique. Then TiO2 is coated in home on FBG sensing head by targeting the 99.99% pure TiO2 material by electron beam gun evaporation system. The thickness of TiO2 has been numerically optimized irrespective of FBG design parameters, before depositing the material on FBG sensing head. It has been found that the proposed sensor is quite able to sense a minute change of adulteration in chemical with an accuracy of more than 0.01 ppm. After developing and testing of the sensor, the fieldwork will be decided at Indian coal mines for their possible deployment in coal fields.
Special featured Fibre Bragg grating has a great potential to meet the demand of development of highly sensitive optical fibre technology based chemical sensors working in harsh environment. Fibre Bragg grating assisted in between directional coupler could be significantly tuned the power coupling efficiency between two high refractive index layers. In this paper standard si-based FBG has been fabricated with square shape of apodization profile based on Cu-vapour laser and second harmonics generation based technique. Then FBG has been incorporated in between two high refractive index material followed by substrate in either side with low refractive index sensing layer. Finite difference method (FDM) based MATLAB program has been developed to extract the TE/TM modes supported by this proposed composite planar waveguide structure. Sensitivity has been calculated by b − λ graph technique for both angular/wavelength interrogation cases.
Cladding resonances generated in a Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating (TFBG) structure are readily employed for sensing purposes. They interact readily with surrounding media and allow for employing accurate refractometric applications. The grating parameters like angle of tilt, length and pitch of grating, have considerable impact on the nature of cladding resonances generated, and it turn, highly govern the specifics of sensing, like dynamic range, sensitivity, controllability, etc. In this paper, an organised and ellaborate study and analysis has been presented, to elucidate the correlation between cladding modes excited and various grating parameters in a TFBG structure. This is intended to facilitate the design of optimized TFBG sensor structures complying with pre-defined measures of sensitivity and dynamic range of operation. It is safe to imply that this study will enable fabrication of optimised sensors, according to pre-defined requirements. All analysis is based on simulations carried out on OptiGrating software and MATLAB.
In the process industries, pressure measurement using bourdon tube is basic measurement technique. In the present work, we proposed a photonic based pressure measurement and transmitting technique of pressure which is capable to transmit the measured flow rate data through optical fiber with the help of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI). A modified bourdon tube based transducer developed using hall probe sensor. Transducer converts the pressure to the 1-5 Volt and 4-20 mA which is not suitable for inflammable regions of the process plant. For this purpose a measured pressure transmit to the remote location in optical domain. The required mathematical derivation and the principle of operation of the transmitter are shown in the paper.
The ternary chalcogenides LiGaS2 (LGS) and LiGaSe2 (LGSe) are well known semiconductors and widely used for laser induced damage thresholds (LIDT), optical parametric amplification (OPA) and other nonlinear optical (NLO) devices in infra-red region. The first-principle calculations with local density approximation (LDA) are performed to calculate the Debye temperature of LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2 semiconductors. The values of longitudinal, transverse and average sound velocities and Debye temperature are studied at 0, 10 and 20 GPa pressures and await for experimental verification. The values of bulk modulus (B) and shear modulus (G) have also been calculated. The present study shows that LiGaS2 and LiGaSe2 both are stable upto 20 GPa pressure and become unstable afterwards. The estimated values of all parameters are in good agreement with the available known values at 0 GPa pressure.
The optical properties of hydrogenated graphene have been studied at different occupancies of hydrogen atoms using first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The optical parameters such as dielectric function ε(ω), refractive index n(ω), absorption spectrum α(ω) and electron energy loss function L(ω) have been studied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% occupancies of hydrogen on pristine graphene for the first time. The calculated values for 100% occupancy agree well with the values reported in our earlier publication. However, for other occupancies await for the experimental verification. The present study gives the information about the variation of above parameters at different occupancies, which is of great importance for selecting the materials for substrate in IC design and designing the various linear and nonlinear optoelectronic devices.
In this paper, we are going to select low-cost plasmonic material and in accordance with special design structure which is economical with respect to high-cost noble metals with respect to conventional structure. We are going to analyze and compare the sensitivity of different metal with fixed special structure. The optical property of the material is size dependent and can be achieved by tuning micro and nanostructure design and selection of proper material. Due to change in optical property of macro and nano scales structure properties of materials, we can achieve for low-cost material with high-performance SPR sensor. Optical properties of submicron sized metal nanoparticles have drawn and simulated with nanometer precision for different material. The selection of nanostructure with proper material gives the best trade-o_ with the noble metal. The low-cost SPR sensor is needed for society to check pollution and other biochemical property and as biosensors.
Surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are widely used in different applications. In the present study, a noble electric field sensing is done theoretically by surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena using a multilayer structure. A glass prism is coated with a two metal (gold) layers sandwiched with lithium-niobate (LiNbO3) material. The electric field is applied to the first and third layer of the metal. The measured electric field sensitivity is based on the angle interrogation and applied an electric field. The required mathematical expressions are included in this paper and the results are verified with the help of COMSOL multiphysics and MATLAB software.
In the present scenario the process control industries mainly uses 1-5 Volt or 4-20 mA protocol for transmitting the measured signal to remote location operators. These types of protocol prone to interference and limited data transfer rate. To overcome these types of limitation we proposed photonic based transmitter for liquid level measurement which will enhance data transfer rate and interference reduction to eliminate noise signal in the channel during transmission to make transmission more reliable, accurate and consistent in performance. The required mathematical derivation and the principle of operation of the transmitter are shown in the paper.
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