The paper presents the results of studies of petroleum products content in snow water and shows their spatial distribution in the BPT during the winter period of 2022. The highest concentrations of petroleum products were found in the industrial cities of the Baikal region. The conclusion about the local nature of the spread of petroleum products from the source of emission is performed. The assessment of the degree of contamination of snow water with petroleum products in accordance with the sanitary and hygienic standards for water bodies of fishery purposes was carried out. The levels of accumulation in the snow cover of petroleum products on the underlying surface of BNA and Lake Baikal were calculated. Petroleum products accumulation on the lake surface during the winter period is about 11 tons.
The results of studies of the chemical composition of the snow cover on the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal, the Republic of Buryatia, are presented. Snow samples were taken along the Ulan-Ude – Kurumkan route, in the delta region of the Barguzin River, from the ice of Barguzin Bay and northern Baikal. Groups of sources affecting the composition of atmospheric fallout in the background regions of the Baikal region were determined using the statistical methods of data processing. Based on the calculation data for the dispersion of anthropogenic impurities from large source cities during the period of stable snow cover (November 2021 – February 2022), the percentage of adverse weather conditions, in which emissions could reach the northeastern coast, was obtained. The features of the spatial distribution of marker substances in the background regions of the Baikal region were studied, and the accumulation of chemicals in the snow cover was visualized on maps.
This study presents the research results of chemical composition of the snow cover in the Baikal region exposed to aerotechnogenic emissions from pollution sources located in the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. The samples of snow cover taken along the Irkutsk–Listvyanka route, in the Selenga River delta and in the territory of the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve were analyzed. The features of the spatial distribution of tracers from large industrial centers in the southern Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia along the prevailing air mass transfers were studied. The percentage of unfavorable meteorological situations in which emissions from regional anthropogenic pollution sources could reach the coast of Lake Baikal was determined based on the calculations of spatial distribution of anthropogenic impurities from large cities being sources of pollution (HYSPLIT). The model of spatial distribution of anthropogenic substances from the large industrial centers of the Baikal region along the prevailing air mass transfers was shown.
This study demonstrates a comparative analysis of surface and satellite measurements. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and CO, SO2, measured at the Listvyanka station located on the coast of Lake Baikal, were considered. Satellite measurements data (Copernicus Sentinel-5P) were recomputed based on the SILAM model. A joint analysis of data showed that satellite measurements were suitable for a spatial description of regional air pollution. The computed maxima coincided with the surface measurements in terms of time periods and general monitoring results. However, at extreme increases in concentrations of pollutants, a significant difference in the numerical values was registered. Satellite monitoring data confirmed the relationship between the increase in PM2.5 and CO concentrations in the air basin at the Listvyanka station and the transfer of smoke plumes from intense forest fires located at a distance of 1,500 – 2,000 km.
This article presents the results obtained during the expedition on board the research vessel throughout the water area of Lake Baikal from 1 to 9 September 2021. We determined the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sub-10μm particulate matter (PM10) in the atmosphere above the water area of the lake. Local sources of air pollution along the lake coast and synoptic conditions affected the changes in the concentrations of pollutants. Elevated concentrations of PAHs and РМ10 were recorded near the Nizhneangarsk settlement in the northern basin, at the estuary of the Selenga River in the central basin as well as along the east coast and at the estuary of the Angara River in the southern basin of Lake Baikal. During the observations, the proportion of submicron particles at different sites of the lake water area decreased to 35-29 % of the total number concentration. Among the priority PAHs, fluoranthene > pyrene > benzo(b)fluoranthene predominated in the aerosol. Cyclones operating above the region, which were accompanied by precipitation and intense winds, led to the purification of the atmosphere and a decrease in the concentrations of the studied elements.
This article investigates the relationship between the level of environmental pollution and morbidity of the population in the industrial centres of the Southern Baikal region. To determine the level of environmental pollution, a chemical analysis of snow sampled in three large industrial centres of the Irkutsk Region was carried out. The methods of statistical data processing (RStudio programme) revealed the groups of anthropogenic sources that had the maximum impact on the ecosystem of the cities in the Irkutsk agglomeration. We studied the relationships between the main pollutants and diseases associated with them. The variability in the morbidity of the population and the chemical composition of the snow was compared for 2013 and 2020.
In light of the extremely high spatiotemporal variability of meteorological conditions, we propose a method for precipitation observation, which allows us to determine its composition depending on the factors of air mass formation, in order to monitor the processes of distribution and deposition of anthropogenic impurities in the Central Ecological Zone of Lake Baikal. By combining trajectory and chemical analyses, we identified the main factors influencing the formation of the chemical composition of precipitation. All events were divided into groups by the similar conditions of air mass formation and by the chemical composition. The main factors are local background, area of air mass formation, synoptic parameters, and intensity of wildfires.
This article presents the results obtained during the ship borne expedition throughout the water area of Lake Baikal from 29 July to 11 August 2020. We determined the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the distribution of PAHs and PM10 in the atmosphere above the water area of Lake Baikal. Aerosol above Lake Baikal consisted of submicron particles with the proportion of more than 90% of the total number concentration. The atmosphere above the water area of the northern basin Baikal showed background values of PAHs and high PM10 concentrations. When the wind direction changed from southwestern to northwestern, the PAH concentrations in smoke plumes from wildfires increased in the central and southern basins of Lake Baikal. Among the 21 priority PAHs, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene prevailed in the aerosol. We estimated the degree of atmospheric pollution with benzo(a)pyrene and PM10 standardized in Russia; they did not exceed the average daily MPCs.
This article analyses the results of the in-situ automatic recording of the concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Listvyanka monitoring station (southern basin of Lake Baikal). During the northwesterly transport, poorly scattered plumes of air emissions from large regional thermal power plants (the cities of Irkutsk and Angarsk) are often recorded in this area, carrying large amounts of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides as well as coarse aerosol (PM10). In the process of transport, nitrogen oxides are the first to be rapidly oxidized by ozone. This contributes to an increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation at Lake Baikal and in nitrate deposition in the water area. Spatial scale and potential risks of regional transport of air pollution for the ecosystem of the lake require further research.
From September 2019 to February 2021, we analysed seasonal and interannual dynamics of the PAH concentrations in the atmospheric air of the city of Irkutsk and the southwest coast of Lake Baikal (the Listvyanka settlement). The comprehensive analysis of weather conditions (wind direction, relative humidity and temperature of the air as well as atmospheric pressure) was carried out. There were high correlations between meteorological parameters and PAH concentrations in the study area. Average PAH concentrations in the anomalously warm 2020 were three times lower than the average values obtained in the cold 2016. The proportion of the anthropogenic aerosol transport from the industrial sources in the Southern Baikal region towards Lake Baikal ranged from 61 to 71%.
Being a natural sink, snow cover accumulates pollutants during the entire winter period, and, thus, it is a cumulative indicator of atmospheric pollution. The study of the snow cover shows that the cities of Irkutsk, Shelekhov, and Angarsk are polluted significantly. To evaluate the level of atmospheric pollution in the industrial centers of Southern Pribaikalye (Irkutsk, Angarsk, and Shelekhov), the elemental composition of the snow cover of 2020 was analyzed. According to the data obtained from the research, the total index of snow cover pollution, which characterizes the effect made by the group of elements, was calculated. The spatial distribution of the index for every single city is shown. The comparative characteristic of the level of atmospheric pollution in these cities is given.
The long-term (1997-2020) comprehensive investigations at the EANET surface water monitoring station Pereemnaya River allowed defining changes of chemical composition of snow and river water on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal. We demonstrated that deicing salts, highway and railway transport as well as the transfer of gaseous contaminants from the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial zone are the main sources of pollution of the snow cover after the shutdown of the Baikalsk Paper and Pulp Mill. The impact of these sources changed the composition of major ions and reduced the equivalent concentration ratio of major cations and anions as well as pH value of snow water. The multiyear input of acid precipitation to the Pereemnaya River resulted in its acidification. Its water becomes little by little richer in minerals due to intensification of rock erosion under the impact of acid precipitation.
In this paper, pollutant transport and atmospheric circulation in Pribaikalye for the period 2010-2018 are studied using the HYSPLIT model. To determine the repetition of unfavorable meteorological situations, causing the transport of emissions from big regional sources towards Lake Baikal, air mass forward trajectories were computed. To detect the transboundary transport, that points at the influence of remote pollution sources on the air over Baikal’s basin, air mass backward trajectories were analyzed. Interannual dynamics of air mass trajectory distribution by the regions of their formation and transboundary transport is investigated.
This paper examines the relationship between the environmental pollution level and morbidity in the population of industrial centers of the Southern Baikal. The relationship between the averaged observation data on the chemical composition of snow cover and morbidity in urban population is analyzed. The analysis shows that the largest number of cases of a disease in the population of studied cities is connected with the high concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants in snow cover. It was discovered that the high concentrations of aluminum and fluoride in the atmospheric air increase the number of cases of skeletal system disorders and subcutaneous tissue diseases. High concentrations of cadmium, arsenic, and copper, determined in snow cover, are connected with high cancer rates in the population. The relationship between pollutant emission to the atmosphere from stationary sources and respiratory system diseases is studied.
On the basis of the hydrochemical data available for the period of 1996-2019, the changes in the chemical composition of snowmelt and river waters on the southeast coast of Lake Baikal, that were under the long-term influence of industrial emission impact, are assessed. The study shows that the closure of the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill in 2013 resulted in the decrease in the concentrations of metal cations in snow cover and in their neutralization capacity. Snow water pH value decreased, and the relative composition of major ions changed as well. In the catchment area of the Khara-Murin and Pereemnaya Rivers, hydrogen became the dominant cation during snowmelt. Further reduction of river water (especially low mineralized river water) resistance to acid components is registered.
This paper provides the study of snow cover in Irkutsk Oblast industrial centers (Eastern Siberia), such as Angarsk, Irkutsk, and Shelekhov. Elemental composition is represented as an environment pollution indicator. A group of elements was determined for each city characterizing main anthropogenic emission sources. High level of snow cover pollution was found in Angarsk. Chemical composition of snow cover in Shelekhov is indicative of high aluminum concentrations. Metal accumulations were calculated in snow cover in these industrial cities and compared with the data on the background area (Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve). Ratio of soluble and insoluble forms of elements in snow cover was studied.
The analysis of observations of the chemical composition of gaseous impurities and atmospheric aerosol, obtained 2017 (May-September) and 2018 (March-October) on the territory of the Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve, which is subject to the transport of contaminants through the atmospheric channel from industrial centers of the Irkutsk Region, is given. Using the model of backward trajectories, the air masses transport from potential air pollution sources is analyzed. We found that the predominant atmospheric transport connected with the increased acid-forming gases concentrations came from the Western sector, where a large number of industrial facilities are located.
We have analysed the data obtained during forest fires in the Irkutsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Krai in July 2016. The results show the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) intake to the water area of Lake Baikal. We have obtained the spatial distribution of the PAHs content in the surface aerosol and calculated their fluxes to the lake water surface. Using models of reverse trajectories and satellite photographs, we have traced the transfer of smoke trails from forest fires to the lake.
This work is aimed at studying processes of distribution and deposition of heavy metals in the region of Lake Baikal in
different seasons with the help of non-stationary spatial Euler's model taking into account the effect of relief. The
amount of some heavy metals deposited onto the surface of lake and especially protected territories of Pribaikalye has
been calculated per month and on average per year. A good correlation with the estimates obtained before is observed
on the basis of calculation data. The pollution impact on Lake Baikal by heavy metals from separate enterprises and
groups of enterprises located in the Baikal Region has been estimated. The results obtained can be used for
improvement of ecological situation of the region regulating work regime of enterprises.
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