A spatial phase unwrapping algorithm based on multi-anchors bidirectional location and suppression (SPUA-MBLS) is proposed. Spatial phase unwrapping algorithms (SPUAs) can play an important role in three-dimensional (3-D) measurement due to their phase unwrapping without any additional auxiliary pattern. SPUAs based on line scanning can achieve much faster phase unwrapping line-by-line than the traditional SPUA based on reliability sort, such as the quality-guided SPUA. But they are prone to suffer from residual error propagation caused by noise. The proposed algorithm first binarizes the wrapped phase to generate a crude fringe order map with multi-anchors and then cross-validates this map forward-backward to locate and suppress those multi-anchors as much as possible. Thus, a more perfect fringe order map can be segmented to achieve spatial phase unwrapping with a more effective improvement of residual error propagation. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm is proved to have higher measurement accuracy, and it has also shown higher robustness in anti-noise performance while inheriting the high-speed phase unwrapping feature.
Compensation of phase errors has emerged as a paramount task in fringe projection profilometry. In this paper, an erosion-clustering connected domain segmentation algorithm is proposed to compensate for the phase errors of traditional temporal phase unwrapping (TPU). At the onset, two connected domain maps from the wrapped phase are generated with a threshold value of zero. Then the connected domain adhering parts due to noise and height abruptness are forcibly disconnected by an erosion algorithm. Finally, the separated valid points are clustered based on the minimum Eulerian distance method. The combination of several techniques enables the reconstruction of high-quality 3D geometry and endows our method with the flexibility to redress errors arising from the traditional TPU method. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed method, building upon the existing TPU methods that obtain fringe orders.
Recently, a single-shot N-step phase measuring profilometry was proposed by our research group. It not only maintains the single-shot real-time measuring characteristics but also makes its measuring accuracy selectable as appropriate N. But when the spectral aliasing in the captured deformed pattern is severe, the alternative current (AC) component may be extracted imprecisely or even failed. So, a double-shot N-step phase measuring profilometry (double-shot N-PMP) is proposed. While two complementary sinusoidal gratings are projected onto the measured object, the AC component of the captured deformed patterns can be extracted precisely even if spectrum aliasing is very serious. If the AC component multiplies with N frames of the AC components of the N-step phase-shifting fringe patterns captured from the reference plane in advance, a new N-step phase-shifting algorithm for the phase difference between the measured object and the reference plane is accomplished to reconstruct the measured object. The experimental results show the possibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. It can either improve the measuring accuracy or expand application scope. Though the double-frame gratings are needed, the real-time measuring characteristics can still maintain with the time-division multiplexing method.
We present a fringe order correction method for various absolute phase retrieval algorithms. In fringe projection profilometry based on absolute phase retrieval (FPP-APR), the mismatches tend to be easily generated around the 2π discontinuities or edges of the wrapped phase due to the defocus and noise of the system. In this paper, a staggered wrapped phase with a phase shift of 2π / N segments the calculated wrapped phase into a left-wrapped phase and a right-wrapped phase. Then, a statistical method independently determines the fringe order of each closed-wrapped phase without the 2π discontinuities. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed fringe order correction has the generality and simplicity for the existing absolute phase retrieval and performs high robustness to measure the colorfully complex objects of daily life.
Minimizing the number of projecting patterns has been one of the most significant tasks in the field of phase-shifting profilometry. This paper proposes a projecting model of three phase-shifting patterns + one coded pattern to retrieve the absolute phase when measuring the object with isolated surfaces. Differing from the conventional stair-shaped codewords, the proposed sinusoidal codewords are extracted from phase-shifting patterns, and then successively encoded into different periods of one coded pattern. When decoding, four patterns provide one conventional wrapped phase with high precision and six coded phases to determine fringe order. After expanding fringe order, absolute phase can be calculated point-to-point. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve a considerable measuring accuracy on the dynamic scene.
A single-shot N-step phase measurement profilometry (single-shot N-PMP) is proposed. In the traditional N-step PMP, N (N > 2) frames of phase-shifting sinusoidal gratings are needed to be projected onto the measured object. The corresponding N frames of phase-shifting deformed patterns modulated by the object are needed to be captured. And the larger the N is, the higher the measuring accuracy will be. In the proposed method, only one sinusoidal grating is needed to be projected and only one corresponding deformed pattern is captured. The proposed method can efficiently avoid direct filtering in the spectrum of the deformed pattern because of the secondary modulation in computer. The proposed method is an innovative single-shot, three-dimensional (3D) measurement with the highest accuracy among the single-shot 3D measurements so far for inheriting of the traditional optional N-step PMP. And the optional larger N can result in higher accuracy while the single-shot feature can be always guaranteed both the static and real-time 3D measurements. Furthermore, the mathematical model of the proposed method is more concise compared with the traditional PMP for the phase just modulated by the measured object itself can be directly solved without two phase resolutions and two phase unwrappings for both the reference plane and the measured object. The simulations and experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
A curtain-type phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed. First, the 2 × 2 closed curve method is used to find out the residual point of the wrapped phase to form the residual template, and the Otsu threshold method is used to binary the modulation of the deformed pattern to form the shadow template. Second, the effective phases of up-down symmetrical points about the starting point are simultaneously unwrapped in turn until all the points in the column are completed. Third, the starting point is taken as the center of left-right symmetry, the effective phases of the nearest symmetric points are simultaneously unwrapped, and the corresponding columns are unwrapped in the same way as above. Fourth, in this way, the effective phases in the corresponding symmetric columns are successively unwrapped in the form of curtain opening until the whole phases are completely unwrapped. In the previous procedure, the shadow template and residual template guide the curtain-type phase unwrapping to avoid error diffusion. Finally, the 8-neighborhood mean algorithm and the cubic b-spline algorithm are employed to unwrap the phase values of residual points and shadow areas, respectively. The proposed method realizes the whole phase unwrapping without phase error diffusion. Experimental results show that the efficiency of the proposed method is 26% higher than that of the diamond algorithm, and its accuracy is significantly improved.
Online three-dimensional (3D) measurement plays an important role in industry. When phase-shifting profilometry is employed in online 3D measurement, pixel matching is an important step to keep objects at the same coordinate value. However, the correlation operation and marker feature matching algorithms may take a long time, increasing the complexity. So a fast and robust online 3D measurement based on feature correspondence is proposed. In this method, only one frame of the sinusoidal fringe pattern is projected onto the measured object, and image correction technique is employed to rectify pixel size. Then five frames of deformed patterns with equivalent displacement are captured by the camera, and the corresponding modulation patterns are extracted. The oriented fast and rotated brief feature algorithm is used to extract the matching pair of feature points, and the improved grid-based motion statistical feature algorithm can better eliminate the false match to achieve pixel matching. In this way, five frames of deformed patterns with an equivalent shifted-phase can be extracted. Finally, the 3D shape of the measured object is reconstructed by the five-step equivalent phase-shifting algorithm. Experimental results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
KEYWORDS: Video, 3D metrology, Composites, RGB color model, 3D modeling, Optical engineering, CCD cameras, Fluctuations and noise, Cameras, Phase shifts
A color-coded computer-generated Moiré profilometry (CGMP) with real-time 3D measurement and synchronous monitoring video collection is proposed. In this method, a sinusoidal grating and the direct current (DC) component of it are encoded in the blue and red channels of a color composite grating, respectively. This color composite grating is projected onto the measured object, and a corresponding color deformed pattern is sampled by an RGB camera. A monochrome sinusoidal deformed pattern and a flat image are demodulated from the color deformed pattern by color separation. The flat image reflects the DC component of the monochrome sinusoidal deformed pattern and the monitoring image in real time. The DC component of the monochrome sinusoidal deformed pattern is efficiently figured out by multiplying the flat image with an introduced coefficient, even though the DC spectrum and the first-order spectrum of the monochrome sinusoidal deformed pattern overlap. By establishing a color-coded CGMP, the 3D shape of the measured object is reconstructed successfully. Due to its single-shot feature, the 3D information and synchronizing monitoring video are sampled in real time. Some static objects and moving objects are measured to verify the feasibility, validity, and accuracy of the proposed method.
By constructing two phase-shifted fringe images and a flat image, the 2 + 1 phase-shifting algorithm can reduce the error caused by motion and realize real-time and high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) measurement. However, the nonlinear gamma of the digital light processing and the ambient light will affect the light-field distribution of the flat image, and extensive experiments have shown that the distribution of the captured flat image is inconsistent with the DC component of the deformed patterns. Therefore, based on the linear calibration model, a more realistic DC component of the deformed patterns is deduced from the captured flat image. The AC components of the deformed patterns can be extracted more genuinely by subtracting the deduced DC component from deformed patterns. So, the influence of ambient light can be suppressed efficiently to improve 3-D measuring accuracy. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
A real-time computer-generated moiré profilometry (CGMP) with adaptive filtering algorithm is proposed. In CGMP proposed previously, only one static sinusoidal grating needs to be projected onto the measured object and only one deformed pattern caused by the object needs to be captured, which is ideal for real-time three-dimensional (3-D) measurement. By means of generating moiré fringes between the captured deformed pattern and the prestored fringe patterns on the reference plane via computer, the 3-D shape of the measured object can be reconstructed successfully. In phase calculating, this method needs to extract the DC component by filtering. If filtering operation required manual intervention each time, its real-time measuring feature may be limited. For this, an adaptive filtering algorithm based on the maximum fundamental frequency component proportion evaluation function is proposed. It can automatically retrieve an object’s phase information according to the Fourier spectrum distributions of different measured objects without any manual intervention. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the real-time 3-D measuring application.
A real-time three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement based on single-shot color binary fringe (CBF) projection is proposed. In the traditional 3-D shape measurement methods based on binary fringe projection, the duty cycle of the binary fringe is always set to 1/2, so as to approximate the sinusoidal fringe by defocusing projection. In the proposed method, the binary fringe with a duty cycle of 1/3 is introduced. It is found that although the duty cycle is not 1/2, a nearly unbroken sinusoidal fringe pattern can be extracted from the captured fringe pattern by a filtering operation in the spatial frequency domain. In order to realize real-time 3-D shape measurement, a composite CBF was designed, in which three monochromatic binary fringes share the same duty cycle of 1/3 but misaligned 1/3 periods one by one are encoded in red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channels. When this composite CBF is projected onto the measured object, only one color-deformed pattern (CDP) needs to be captured and three monochromatic sinusoidal deformed patterns with a phase-shifting of 2π / 3 one another can be extracted from the single-shot captured CDP. So the 3-D shape of the measured object can be reconstructed with three-step phase measuring profilometry. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed method. It can either effectively avoid the color overlapping in traditional color sinusoidal fringe or avoid the grayscale nonlinearity of sinusoidal fringe caused by the effect of gamma.
Common problems faced in optical comprehensive design experiment and going against the Washington Accord are pointed out. For resolving these problems, an instructional and innovative teaching scheme for Optics Comprehensive Design Experiment is proposed. We would like to understand the student that can improve the hands-on practical ability, theory knowledge understanding ability, complex problem solving ability, engineering application ability, cooperative ability after tracking and researching the student who have attended the class about Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment, We found that there are some problems on the course such as the experiment content vague, the student beginning less time, phase separation theory and engineering application, the experiment content lack of selectivity and so on. So we have made some improvements reference to the Washington Accord for the class teaching plan about Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment. This class must relevant to the engineering basic courses, professional foundation course and the major courses, so far as to the future study and work that which can play a role in inheriting and continuity to the students. The Optical Comprehensive Design Experiment teaching program requires students learning this course to have learnt basic courses like analog electronics technique, digital electronic technique, applied optics and computer and other related courses which students are required to comprehensively utilize. This teaching scheme contains six practical complex engineering problems which are respectively optical system design, light energy meter design, illuminometer design, material refractive index measuring system design, light intensity measuring system design and open design. Establishing the optional experiment and open experiment can provide students with a greater choice and enhance the students' creativity, vivid teaching experimental teachers and enriching contents of experiment can make the experiment more interesting, providing students with more opportunities to conduct experiment and improving students' practical ability with long learning time, putting emphasis on student's understanding of complex engineering problems and the cognitive of the process to solve complex engineering problems with actual engineering problems. Applying the scheme in other courses and improving accordingly will be able to ensure the quality of engineering education. Look forward to offering useful reference for the curriculum system construction in colleges and universities.
The improved Fourier transform phase measurement method for measuring the quality parameters of an image intensifier is proposed. Two frames of orthogonal sinusoidal gratings—one with the fringe direction at π/4 and the other one orthogonally at 3π/4—are designed to serve as the projected gratings. While the gratings are projected onto the input port of the measured image intensifier by the spatial light modulator one-by-one, the corresponding deformed patterns on the output port of the measured image intensifier are captured with the CCD camera. The fundamental frequency components of the captured patterns are obtained after Fourier transform and filtering, and the phase caused by the distortion of the measured image intensifier is retrieved successfully by phase unwrapping. The multiple quality parameters of the image intensifier can be obtained by phase-to-distortion matching at the same time effectively. The simulated and experimental results display that the method is feasible and applicable in measuring the quality parameters of image intensifier.
In real-time phase measuring profilometry based on color-encoded sinusoidal three-step phase-shifting algorithm, three frames of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) individual channel color-encoded sinusoidal gratings with an equivalent shifting phase of 2π/3 are combined to be a color fringe pattern. While this color fringe pattern is projected onto the measured object rapidly and sequentially by a special digital light projector, a high-speed monochrome camera synchronized with the projector signal is used to capture the corresponding deformed patterns in R, G, and B channels. Due to the monochrome camera’s different sensitivity to R, G, and B light, there will be a grayscale imbalance among the captured phase-shifting deformed patterns from R, G, and B channels. So, a grayscale imbalance correcting method based on fringe normalization is proposed. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The three-dimensional (3-D) shape information can be obtained in real-time. It is suitable for real-time 3-D measurement.
In phase measuring profilometry (PMP), the object must be static for point-to-point reconstruction with the captured deformed patterns. While the object is rectilinearly moving online, the size and pixel position differences of the object in different captured deformed patterns do not meet the point-to-point requirement. We propose an online PMP based on image correction to measure the three-dimensional shape of the rectilinear moving object. In the proposed method, the deformed patterns captured by a charge-coupled diode camera are reprojected from the oblique view to an aerial view first and then translated based on the feature points of the object. This method makes the object appear stationary in the deformed patterns. Experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.
In 3D measurement, specular surfaces can be reconstructed by phase shift reflectometry and the system configuration is simple. In this paper, a wafer is measured for industrial inspection to make sure the quality of the wafer by calibrating, phase unwrapping, slope calculation and integration. The profile result of the whole wafer can be reconstructed and it is a curve. As the height of the structures on the wafer is the target we are interested in, by fitting and subtracting the curve surface, the structures on the wafer can be observed on the flat surface. To confirm the quality farther, a part of the wafer is captured and zoomed in to be detected so that the difference between two structures can be observed better.
On-line phase measuring profilometry (OPMP) for a rotating object is proposed. N frames of circular sinusoidal grating patterns are designed in advance, in which the transmittance along the radial direction is sinusoidal and there is a fixed shifting phase pitch of 2π/N between every adjacent two grating patterns along the radial direction. While the measured object is rotating, the designed grating patterns are projected onto the rotating object by digital light processing and the corresponding deformed patterns caused by the object at different positions are captured by a charge coupled device camera. By pixel matching and rotation transformation with special marks, N frames of the deformed patterns of the object at the same position can be extracted. Hence, the rotating object can be reconstructed by the extracted deformed patterns. The results of computer emulation and experiment show the feasibility and validity of the proposed OPMP. Either the maximum measurement absolute error is 0.118 mm or the maximum root mean square error is 0.077 mm in the measured region of 0 to 25 mm.
The gamma nonlinearity of the digital projector leads to obvious phase errors in the phase measuring profilometry. Based on the Fourier spectrum analysis of the captured pattern, a robust gamma correction method is proposed in this paper. An orthogonal sinusoidal grating precoded with two different known gamma values is used to evaluate the gamma value of the pattern. The evaluated gamma value is then encoded into the computer-generated phase-shifting fringe patterns before the fringe patterns are sent to the digital projector, which makes the captured fringe patterns well-sinusoidal and alleviates the phase errors caused by the gamma nonlinearity. Compared with other gamma correction methods, only one captured pattern is needed to evaluate the gamma value without loss of the accuracy. With the proposed method, a fast and accurate three-dimensional shape measurement can be achieved using the conventional three-step phase-shifting algorithm. Experiments have verified its feasibility and validity.
A three dimensional (3-D) measurement method with orthogonal composite grating aided by fringe contrast and background calibration is proposed. Due to spectrum overlap, we find that the contrast and background of each deformed phase-shifting fringe demodulated from the captured composite fringe image is changed differently, which violates the principle that the contrast and background between any two deformed fringes must be uniform in the traditional 3-D measurement method with orthogonal composite grating, and therefore results in measurement error. We acquire the phase-shifting sinusoidal fringes from the composite fringe image captured on the reference plane, and the zero- and first-order spectra of the sinusoidal fringes can be obtained by filtering in the spatial frequency domain. Then the ratio contrast and background coefficients between the phase-shifting sinusoidal fringes can be calculated. When an object is measured, the contrast and background of the demodulated deformed fringes can be calibrated by these ratio coefficients. A new 3-D measurement mathematical model is set up to reconstruct the object. Experiments prove the new method can effectively restrain the effect of spectrum overlap, and can improve the measurement accuracy more than 1 time.
A higher precise inner crack three-dimenssional(3D) reconstructed method of rock specimens is presented. Two inner shapes of the crack are measured with Phase Measuring Profilometry (PMP), and their edges are drawn out by height information instead of the traditional method based on gray information. Subsequently contour matching and
height matching are carried out with algorithms due to maximum correlativity. The inner width and volume of the crack are educed according to the fissure of a rock specimen's outer surface, and the 3D profile of the crack is reconstructed with a high repetitive precision superior to 20μm. The proposed method is effective for evaluating the crack's width of rock specimens in the exploitation of petroleum and natural gas with a mechanical analysis method. The experiment shows its feasibility and practicability.
The size and shape of ventricle are very important to analyze and diagnose pathology of human heart. So it is very
necessary to measure the profile of ventricle. It is very difficult to measure the ventricle by vivisectional method for its
unique function of heart, so the ventricle specimen is adopted to be measured. Three-dimensional (3D) automatic measurement methods are widely used in many fields. In Biology and Medicine society, it can be applicable for surgery, orthopedics, viscera disease analysis and diagnosis etc. Here a new method to measure the 3D surface of ventricle specimen is proposed. Although the traditional 3D measuing method with equal or stated phase-shifting step length
possess excellent accuracy, they are much dependent on the consistency of these phase-shifting step lengths. In fact, this
condition is very difficult to guarantee. which may lead to the incorrect wrapped phase and incorrect phase unwrapping
in some regions, even the reconstructed object may be misshapen or anamorphic. In the proposed method, a novel
improved three undecided step lengths phase-shifting algorithm with three unequal phase-shifting steps has been
presented detailed and is applied to measure the profile of ventricle sucssesfully. Experiments show that the improved
algorithm can not only effectively improve the measuring accuracy, but also branch out its application.
A modified Fourier transform profilomtry (FTP) based on a fringe pattern with two frequency components is proposed. We discuss its principle, analyze the maximum measuring range and give an expression to describe the measurable slope of the height variation limitation of this method. The modified FTP provides us another approach to eliminate frequency overlapping. When the spectra distribution of a measured object is not spherical symmetry, we can avoid the frequency aliasing through projecting a fringe pattern with two frequency components, instead of increasing the density of the projected fringe and the resolution of CCD camera. The theoretical analysis and primary experiments verified the method.
We propose an improved FTP based on bi-color grating projecting. Two individual sinusoidal fringe patterns with π phase difference can be decoded from the deformed bi-color sinusoidal fringe pattern captured by color digital camera. Accessing the two fringe patterns, we can not only eliminate zero order spectra but also automatically build a binary mask at the same time to mark the valid measurement area easily, by which unwrapping phase time is shorten as well as phase error from invalid area is not transferred into valid area; Furthermore, we can easily expand the captured non-full-field deformed fringe pattern to form full field fringe pattern to guarantee frequency resolution.
An optical method for shape and deformation measurement of a rotating blade, which is based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) and the stroboscopic effect, is proposed and has been verified by experiments. The integrated principles of the method, the process of 3-D phase unwrapping, and the detailed design of the synchronization control unit are discussed. Experimental results on a commercial electric fan prove that FTP can reconstruct the shape of a rotating blade efficiently and reveal its deformation different times clearly by using stroboscopic structured illumination. This method can be used for studying high-speed motion with rapid periodic signals.
In this paper we proposed a method for three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement and visualization of balloon hull during quick deflation based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). A sequence of dynamic deformed fringe images can be grabbed by high-speed CCD camera and saved on disk rapidly. By Fourier transform, filtering, inverse Fourier transform and unwrapping these phase maps in 3D phase space, we can obtain the shape of the rapid deflating balloon in different times. Based on the phase difference between two neighborhood frames, we propound a 3D phase unwrapping algorithm, which will be of great benefit to 3D phase unwrapping in speed and accuracy. The results of our experiment indicate that the method, presented in this paper, can efficiently deal with the surface shape measurement for rapid motion object and will be a promising one with the development of high-speed frame grabber.
KEYWORDS: 3D metrology, Motion measurement, Fluctuations and noise, Fringe analysis, Sensors, Light emitting diodes, 3D visualizations, Dynamical systems, Signal detection, Data processing
A stroboscopic structured illumination system, which can be used in measurement for 3D shape and deformation of high-speed motion object, is proposed and verified by experiments. The system, present in this paper, can automatically detect the position of high-speed moving object and synchronously control the flash of LED to project a structured optical field onto surface of motion object and the shoot of imaging system to acquire an image of deformed fringe pattern, also can create a signal, set artificially through software, to synchronously control the LED and imaging system to do their job. We experiment on a civil electric fan, successful acquire a serial of instantaneous, sharp and clear images of rotation blade and reconstruct its 3D shapes in difference revolutions.
Digital micro-mirror device(DMD) is a new type of component which integrates with micro-electronics, micro-machinery and micro-optics. It used as a new type of spatial-light modulator will have a wide prospect in optical information processing and structured illumination three-dimensional sensing. The basic principles of DMD and digital light processor(DLP) have been particularly introduced. The spatio-temporal characteristic of DMD has been extensively studied. The effect on the Phase Measuring Profilometry due to the Spatio-temporal characteristic of DMD is discussed by computer simulation. Experiments have approved the validity of the simulation results which can give the guidance for the application of DMD in structured illumination three-dimensional sensing.
We introduce short-time Fourier transform into Fourier transform profilometry(FTP) to extract zero frequency component included in deformed fringe pattern. This method can be used to eliminate zero component by only one deformed fringe pattern instead of two. First we extract zero component of deformed fringe image using short-time Fourier transform and normalize it, then calculate the normalized Fourier spectra of deformed fringe image, finally subtract the zero component from Fourier spectra Fourier spectra of deformed fringe image. We give the theory analysis. Experimental results verify that this method can eliminate zero component and extend the measuring range of Fourier transform profilometry to nearly three times of that of the traditional FTP using a frame deformed fringe image. So it is an efficient method to extend measuring range and keep measuring speed, and the setup is very simple because of no phase shifting device needed.
Three-dimension (3-D) digitization of tooth is becoming an important diagnostic tool of dentistry for the quantitative medicine investigations. In this paper, an optical measurement instrument for tooth data acquisition based on the principle of structured illumination was developed. The instrument consists of a structured illumination optics, a stepping motor driven phase shifting device, a commercial CCD camera system with frame grabber interface and a control personal computer. Because there is no possibility of watching the system directly in the mouth, the measurements were still restricted to plaster casts of the tooth. With a new calibration gauge, both the phase-height mapping and 3D coordinates calibration could be done simultaneously through only one measurement. Additionally, to recover complex shape distribution of the tooth, a phase unwrapping procedure is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results.
Three-dimensional (3-D) automatic measurement of an object is widely used in many fields. In Biology and Medicine society, it can be applicable for surgery, orthopedics, viscera disease analysis and diagnosis etc. Here a new fast method to measure the 3D surface of human heart is proposed which can provide doctors a lot of information, such as the size of heart profile, the sizes of the left or right heart ventricle, and the curvature center and radius of heart ventricle, to fully analyze and diagnose pathobiology of human heart. The new fast method is optically and noncontacted and based upon the Phase Measurement Profilometry (PMP), which has higher measuring precision. A human heart specimen experiment has verified our method.
Optical non-contact 3-D shape measurement provides a novel and useful tool for analysis of facial shape and movement in presurgical and postsurgical regular check. In this article we present a system, which allows a precise 3-D visualization of the patient's facial before and after craniofacial surgery. We discussed, in this paper, the real time 3-D image capture, processing and the 3-D phase unwrapping method to recover complex shape deformation when the movement of the mouth. The result of real-time measurement for facial shape and movement will be helpful for the more ideal effect in plastic surgery.
KEYWORDS: Fringe analysis, Fourier transforms, 3D metrology, Calibration, Digital cameras, Projection systems, Phase shifting, RGB color model, 3D modeling, Inspection
Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) based on fringe projection has high speed and high procession advantages, so it is widely used in industrial inspection, solid modeling, biomedicine, machine vision and so on. In this paper, we present a novel method, in which we project a bi-color fringe pattern that is consisted of two interlaced RGB base color fringe patterns with π phase difference onto the object using digital light projector and the deformed color pattern is captured by color digital camera. Then the deformed color fringe pattern is decoded into two individual fringe patterns with π phase difference using image-separating technique. After modifying their averages and contrast, we subtract one of the two fringe patterns from the other to eliminate zero spectra. Compared with π phase-shifting technique, the obvious advantage of this method is that only one fringe pattern is needed to remove the zero spectra and raise the measurable slope of height variation nearly three times while no phase shifting device needed. Computer simulation and experiments verify our method.
A new method for the system calibration in phase-measuring profilometry (PMP) is presented. A new calibration gauge containing four virtual calibration planes is designed. With this calibration gauge, both the phase-height mapping and 3D coordinates calibration could be done simultaneously through only one measurement. Additionally, to recover continuous phase distribution of all steps with same height, an iterative procedure is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by experimental results. (Summary only available)
A fast phase measuring profilometry (PMP) using structured illumination with a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) has been extensively studied because of its advantage of the programmable projection. In the traditionary PMP, the phase-shift device is mechanical based and is controlled by step-motor which may cause phase errors more or less and several frames of deformed fringe patterns should be capture, which may take a longer time. In the system a DMD is used for projecting only one complex color distribution on the surface of the measured object. In the distribution three interlaced RGB based tricolor sinusoidal chroma two-dimensional fringe patterns are synchronously coded by which the phase difference of the patterns are 120 degree one another. A 24-bit color CCD digital camera is used as the detector to capture only one frame of the deformed complex color distributions. By using image separating techniques the three deformed interlaced tricolor sinusoidal chroma two-dimensional fringe patterns can be decoded individually. Using the 3-step phase shift algorithm the three-dimensional topography can be reconstructed from these decoded deformed fringe patterns. To improve the phase measurement accuracy the RGB tricolor based chroma transfer function (CTF) of the measuring system is introduced. The experiments show that by a reverse correction method with the CTF the phase measurement accuracy has been improved obviously.
Phase measuring profilometry using structured illumination with a digital micro-mirror device(DMD) has been extensively studied because of its advantage of the programmable projection. In this paper we discussed the effect of intensity transfer function of the commercial projector with DMD, analyzed the influence of the intensity transfer function and the nonlinear of detector on the quantity of projected sinusoidal fringe and the accuracy of phase measurement, and proposed the correction method for intensity transfer function of DMD. A DMD based phase measuring profilometry system includes a commercial projector with DMD, a CCD camera and a fringe pattern analysis and processing unit. The experiments show that with the correction of the intensity transfer function of the projector the phase measurement accuracy has been improved obviously.
We use the micro-scanning technique to eliminate the frequency aliasing caused by sub-sampling in Fourier trans-form profilometry (FTP). It has been discussed that in FTP correct 3-D surface shape retrieval can be obtained only when the slope of the height variation of the measured object is limited within maximum measurement range. If this condition is not satisfied, it is im-possible to obtain correct retrieval because of shadows existed in the fringe pattern. In a crossed-optical-axes system for FTP, a smaller included angle between axis of the projection and the detection system is set to avoid the frequency alias caused by shadows. But the smaller the included angle is, the lower the phase sensitivity in FTP. That is, a small phase error can cause a large height distribution error. In order to eliminate this kind of error, we should project a dense grating image onto an object to reduce equivalent wavelength of fringe. At the same time, we need a high resolution CCD to record the fringe pattern to satisfy the sampling theory. When there is not suitable high resolution CCD, the sub-sampled fringe is obtained. In this paper, we discuss how to combine a cor-rect fringe from sub-sampling fringe patterns using micro-scanning technique in FTP in theory. Computer simulations experiments have proved our analysis.
The shoeprint impressions of suspect left at the crime scene can sometimes tell investigators what type of shoes to be looked for. These shoeprint impressions as one of the important evidence are useful in the detection of criminals. In this paper we propose a novel technique for identifying and analyzing the 3D characteristics of shoeprint impressions. We also design 3D shoeprint impression analysis system based on the combination the 3D shape measurement with structured illumination and fringe pattern analysis. We give a detail discussion on the principle and configuration of the system. Laboratory experiments show the technique is efficient in the detection of shoeprint and in the offering the reference for judicial evidence.
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