We demonstrated terahertz wave parametric wavelength conversion between frequency controlled infrared (stabilized pumping and tunable seeding) beams and terahertz wave in a nonlinear crystal. The pumping beam is generated using a PPLN-OPG seeded by a stabilized laser beam as traceable to the national standard. The generated pulses are amplified by a KTA-OPA pumped by a SLM Nd:YAG MOPA system. The wavelength of seeding beam is monitored by a “spectral drill” cavity as intensity error signal. We expect that these methods will open up new fields.
We demonstrated frequency controlled terahertz wave generation based on parametric wavelength conversion in a nonlinear MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. The pumping beam is generated using a PPLN-OPG seeded by a stabilized laser beam as traceable to the national standard. The generated pulses are amplified by a KTA-OPA pumped by a SLM Nd:YAG MOPA system. The seeding beam is monitored and controlled by a “spectral drill” cavity. The frequency of seeding beam is observed as intensity error signal. We expect that these methods will open up new fields.
Difference frequency generation (DFG) is one of the most important methods for obtaining monochromatic THz-wave radiation, with the advantages of simplicity, lack of a threshold, room-temperature operation, and wide-range tunability. We previously demonstrated a milliwatt single-longitudinal-mode and tunable THz-wave source based on DFG in a MgO:LiNbO3 (MgO:LN) crystal using a pair of Yb-doped, pulsed fiber lasers [Y. Wada et al., Proc. SPIE 10531, 1053107- 8 (2018)]. In this study, we report the improvement of the THz-wave source by optimizing the collimation optics for THz output and enhancing the pumping fiber laser sources. The modified source produces an average power of 3.6 mW and a peak power greater than 7 W with nanosecond pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of 500 kHz and a tunability range from 0.34 to 1.25 THz. This improved source enables nondestructive 2-D transmission imaging of objects behind materials as thick as 5 mm using a pyroelectric detector operated at room temperature. As a demonstration of our powerful THz source, we present some results of transmission imaging of a train pass and thin objects such as an optical fiber and a human hair. We also demonstrate the direct spectroscopic imaging of medicine tablets.
We demonstrate a high-average-power, single-longitudinal-mode, and tunable terahertz-wave (THz-wave) source based on difference frequency generation (DFG) in a MgO:LiNbO3 (MgO:LN) crystal. The DFG waves are generated using a pair of Yb-doped, pulsed fiber lasers with a master oscillator power fiber amplifier configuration. The average power of the THz-wave output reaches 1.35 mW at 1.0 THz (300 μm) at a linewidth of 7.2 GHz, and the tunability ranges from 0.34 to 1.25 THz under a pulse repetition frequency of 500 kHz. With this scheme, we constructed a compact THz-wave generation head for imaging applications. The combination of MgO:LN-DFG and the stable and robust fiber laser sources is highly promising for developing high-average-power THz-wave sources, particularly in the high-transmission sub-THz region. This approach may enable new applications of THz-wave spectroscopy in imaging and remote sensing.
Highly reliable DUV light sources are required for semiconductor applications such as a photomask inspection. The
mask inspection for the advanced devices requires the UV lightning wavelength beyond 200 nm. By use of dual fiber
lasers as fundamental light sources and the multi-wavelength conversion we have constructed a light source of 198nm
with more than 100 mW. The first laser is Yb doped fiber laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm; the second is Er doped
fiber laser with 1560 nm. To obtain the robustness and to simplify the configuration, the fundamental lights are run in
the pulsed operation and all wavelength conversions are made in single-pass scheme. The PRFs of more than 2 MHz
are chosen as an alternative of a CW light source; such a high PRF light is equivalent to CW light for inspection
cameras. The light source is operated described as follows. Automatic weekly maintenance within an hour is done if it is
required; automatic monthly maintenance within 4 hours is done on fixed date per month; manufacturer's maintenance is
done every 6 month. Now this 198 nm light sources are equipped in the leading edge photomask inspection machines.
Polycrystalline ceramic with activator ions has already become popular material as laser medium.
In this study, composite type rod which consisted with doped- and undoped-YAG sections was
prepared for the laser experiments. By the improvement of pumping chamber, pulse energy of 930
mJ was obtained from oscillator with TEM00 in normal pulse mode at 10 Hz at room temperature.
Giant pulse generation was carried out by inserting an AO Q-switch into the laser cavity. Because of
the limitation of surface damage thresholds on the laser rod and the mirrors, the maximum output
energy up to 21 mJ was obtained.
We report on continuously tunable operation of a diode pumped lasers based on Tm-doped materials, emitting
in the 1.8 - 2.μ1 m spectral band. In our study we compare results obtained with three various single crystals
doped by Tm3+ ions: Yttrium Aluminum perovskite YAP (YAlO3), Gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO4, and
Yttrium Lithium Fluoride YLF (YLiF4). Following samples were available: the 3mm long a-cut crystal rod of
Tm:YAP with 4% at. Tm/Y (diameter 3 mm); the 8mm long b-cut crystal rod of Tm:YLF with 3.5% at. Tm/Y
(diameter 3 mm); the 2.7mm long a-cut crystal block of Tm:GdVO4 with 2% at. Tm/Gd (crystal face 5×3 mm).
For active medium pumping, the laser diode radiation was used. Because the tested samples differs significantly
in absorption spectra, two fibre-coupled (core diameter 400 µm) temperature-tuned laser diodes were used: first
operating at wavelength 793nm was used for Tm:YAP and Tm:YLF; the second operating at wavelength 802nm
was used for Tm:GdVO4. In both cases, the continuous power up to 20W was available for pumping. The diode
radiation was focused into the active crystal by two achromatic doublet lenses with the focal length f = 75 mm.
The measured radius of pumping beam focus inside the crystal was 260 µm. The longitudinally diode pumped
crystals were tested in linear, 80mm long, hemispherical laser cavity. The curved (radius 150mm) output coupler
reflectivity was ~ 97 % in range from 1.8 up to 2.1 μm. The pumping flat mirror had maximal reflectivity in this
range and it had high transmission around 0.8 μm. A 1.5mm thick birefringent plate made from quartz (Lyot
filter) inserted under a Brewster's angle was used as a tuning element. This plate was placed inside the resonator
between the crystal and the output coupler. Using Tm:YAP crystal, the maximal output power of 2.8W in
this set-up was obtained. The laser could be tuned from 1865nm up to 2036nm with a maximum at 1985 nm.
Laser based on Tm:YLF crystal was tunable from 1835nm up to 2010nm with a maximum at 1928 nm (3.0W
was reached). Using the Tm:GdVO4 tunable operation with greater that 1W output at 1920nm and 130nm
tuning range (1842-1972 nm) was demonstrated. The overall reached tuning range of over 200nm covers many
important atmospheric absorption lines and contains also the local absorption peak of liquid water, making them
attractive for applications such as high resolution spectroscopy, atmospheric remote sensing, laser radar, and
laser microsurgery.
Lasing and fluorescence behavior of thulium doped YVO4, GdVO4, and LuVO4 single crystals were investigated
under pulsed pumping with variable duty cycle up to CW. This allowed us to study properties of these crystals
in dependence on thermal load in a broad range. Following crystals were investigated: Tm:YVO4 (5 at.% Tm/Y,
grown by the Czochralski technique), Tm:GdVO4 (2, 4, and 6 at.% Tm/Gd, grown by the floating-zone technique),
and Tm:LuVO4 (3 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the floating-zone technique). For pumping a fibre-coupled (core diameter
400 μm) laser diode operating in range from 800 up to 803nm was used (available CW power 20 W). All tested
crystals were investigated under CW and pulsed pumping (pulse length 4 ms). Under pulsed pumping (4% duty
cycle), the lasing was demonstrated with all samples. Under CW pumping only Tm:GdVO4 crystal was lasing.
For Tm:YVO4 and Tm:LuVO4 crystals, a lasing was not reached for pumping with duty cycle higher than 60 %,
and the strong blue emission was observed. Detailed measurement of visible emission for broad range of pumping
duty cycles (from 4 up to 60%) showed the exponential increase of Tm3+ integral emission intensity in bands
around 480 and 700 nm. Comparison with the results obtained for fixed duty cycle and variable crystal holder
temperature (290 - 310 K) allowed us to find a relation between the duty cycle and temperature of pumped part
of the crystal. Measurement of infrared fluorescence temporal behavior in dependence on duty cycle gives us
possibility to study a relative population of lasing level in dependence on temperature.
Thulium doped vanadates Tm:YVO4 (5 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the Czochralski technique), Tm:GdVO4 (2 and
6 at.% Tm/Gd, grown by the floating-zone technique), and Tm:LuVO4 (3 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the floating-zone
technique) were investigated as an active medium for diode pumped tunable laser operating around 1.9 μm. For
thulium laser tuning single 1.5mm thick Brewster-angled birefringent quartz plate (Lyot filter) was placed in
simple 80mm long linear quasi-hemispherical resonator. For thulium doped vanadates pumping a fibre-coupled
(core diameter 400 μm) temperature-tuned laser diode operating in range from 799 up to 810nm was used
(max available power 20 W). All tested crystals were investigated under CW and pulsed pumping. Under pulsed
pumping (4% duty-cycle, reduced heat generation) lasing and laser tuning was demonstrated with all available
samples. Lasers were tunable in following wavelength ranges: Tm:YVO4 5 at.% Tm/Y (1841 - 1927 nm),
Tm:GdVO4 2 at.% Tm/Gd (1830 - 1982 nm), 6 at.% Tm/Gd (1850 - 2010 nm), and Tm:LuVO4 3 at.% Tm/Lu
(1860 - 1940 nm). Under CW pumping only Tm:GdVO4 crystal was lasing (lasing of Tm:YVO4 and Tm:LuVO4
was not reached under elevated pumping duty factor). Using Tm:GdVO4 (2 at.% Tm/Gd) the power up to 2.6W
and slope effciency ~ 30% (with respect to absorbed power at 808nm under lasing condition) was obtained at
wavelength 1.91 μm. Tunable operation with greater that 1W output and 130nm tuning range (1842 - 1972 nm)
was demonstrated for Tm:GdVO4 (2 at.% Tm/Gd) pumped at 802 nm.
Integrated computational model for operation of co-doped Tm,Ho solid-state lasers is developed coupling (i) 8-level rate equations with (ii) TEM00 laser beam distribution, and (iii) complex heat dissipation model. Simulations done for Q-switched ≈0.1 J giant pulse generation by Tm,Ho:YLF laser show that ≈43 % of the 780 nm light diode side-pumped energy is directly transformed into the heat inside the crystal, whereas ≈45 % is the spontaneously emitted radiation from 3F4, 5I7 , 3H4 and 3H5 levels. In water-cooled operation this radiation is absorbed inside the thermal boundary layer where the heat transfer is dominated by heat conduction. In high-power operation the resulting temperature increase is shown to lead to (i) significant decrease in giant pulse energy and (ii) thermal lensing.
Thulium and holmium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) ceramic materials are investigated.
Compared with YAG crystal, there is hardly any spectroscopic difference between ceramic and
crystal at the same doping level. Laser oscillation was successfully carried out under quasicontinuous-
wave diode pumping. Optical-to-optical efficiency higher than 5% was achieved. It was
calculated that total absorbed power hardly changes around 783 nm with a bandwidth of about 7
nm using a diode array of 3.5-nm linewidth as a pump source.
A novel continuous-wave blue-green laser was developed by the second-harmonic generation of the emission from Yb doped gain fiber. The laser cavity consists of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG), a gain fiber, an aspheric lens, a dichroic mirror for output coupling of second harmonic, a periodically-poled LiNbO3 (PPLN), and a high reflector. The intracavity-doubled fiber laser was pumped by a 580-mW, fiber pigtailed laser diode at 974 nm through the FBG. The Yb laser emission from the fiber end was focused onto the high reflector, providing optical feedback and forming the resonator. The PPLN was placed near the flat end mirror, where the waist is formed, in order to increase the fundamental intensity. The emission wavelength can be selected by changing the FBG within the bandwidth of the gain fiber. An FBGs for 1017.6 nm was selected for the experiment. Circulating power of the fundamental wave in the cavity was measured to be approximately 1500 mW when a 5% output coupler was placed instead of high-reflecting mirror. Stable output in excess of 30 mW at 508.8 nm was obtained. The optical-optical efficiency from the pump power to the visible output was about 5%. The fluctuation of the laser output power was less than 0.5% for more than 2 hours without a power feedback loop. The M2 value was measured to be 1.2. Wavelength-selectable lasers will be useful for applications including fluorescent microscopy, biological imaging, flow cytometry and spectroscopic analysis.
Efficient CW laser oscillation was performed using floating zone-grown Tm:GdVO4 crystals. The measured absorption spectra of the grown crystals exhibited high absorption coefficient of 13.2 cm-1 at 799 nm for π polarization, and the absorption coefficient remained more than 4.5 cm-1 at 808 nm for both π- and σ-polarizations. Using a 808 nm single-stripe laser diode as a pump source, a slope efficiency of 38% and a threshold of 420 mW were achieved with respect to absorbed pump power at room temperature. The highest output power of 235 mW was achieved. The laser could be tuned over 20 nm with rotation of an intracavity etalon. It was demonstrated that Tm:GdVO4 is an excellent material for use in a 2 μm laser for a compact LD-pumped system.
A conductively cooled pump head with a triangular-prism laser rod is proposed and discussed. A pump absorption efficiency of ~80% and better pump intensity distribution were expected from the results of simulations. An output energy of 95 mJ and an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 10% were obtained at a pulse repetition frequency of 5 Hz in normal-mode operation. Using a fused-silica acousto-optic Q-switch, the laser produced an output energy of 21 mJ in a single Q-switched pulse. No parasitic oscillation occurred even when the laser rod with polished lateral surfaces was used in Q-switched operations.
A high-quality gadolinium vanadate (GdVO4) crystal of 7 at.% thulium (Tm) in the starting material was grown by the Czochralski technique. The measured absorption spectra exhibited sufficient absorption coefficients for LD pumping: 6.0 cm-1 for π polarization and 6.2 cm-1 for σ polarization. Laser oscillation was carried out using single-stripe, 808-nm LDs in an end-pumping configuration. A slope efficiency of 28% and a threshold of 750 mW were exhibited with respect to the absorbed pump power. An output power of 420 mW was achieved at the absorbed power of 2.4 W. It was demonstrated that Tm:GdVO4 is actually useful material for 2-μm lasers, particularly in the compact LD-pumped system.
Rod-shaped thulium-doped gadolinium ortho-vanadate (Tm:GdVO4) crystals have been successfully grown by using the floating zone (FZ) method. The crystals grown showed good transparency and with no cracks and bubbles. Tm:GdVO4 exhibited a strong and wide absorption band around 800 nm. For p polarization of the 5 at.% sample, the absorption coefficient at 799 nm and the linewidth were 21.9 cm-1 and 6.3 nm, respectively. The strong and broad absorption remits the requirements for the LD specification.
Recently, we grew organic ionic-salt crystals of 4- dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium-tosylate (DAST) with extremely large nonlinearity, and also realized dual wavelength oscillation of an electronically tuned Ti:Sapphire laser. In this report, the generation of a coherent THz-wave from DAST crystal was demonstrated for the first time by the difference frequency generation of a dual- wavelength oscillating Ti:Sapphire laser.
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