Ghost imaging also known as correlated imaging, is an indirect imaging method that reconstructs target object information through non-local intensity correlation. Traditional ghost imaging uses laser propagated to a rotating ground glass to generate speckle, The transmitted light passing through the object is then detected by a bucket detector, and the object image is reconstructed through non-local intensity correlation. However, the presence of speckle causes irregular noise points in the reconstructed images, leading to low contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. Aiming at the shortcoming of ghost imaging, suppressing the speckle noise via transform domain decomposition and reconstruction is proposed in this paper for high quality ghost imaging. The reconstructed image quality was quantitatively evaluated using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and mutual information(MI). Compared to existing approaches, the proposed method provides significant improvements to optimize image quality.
Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is a recently developed technique for indirect 3D imaging without two-wave interference. The CPM calculated using G-S algorithm plays an important role in I-COACH system. However there are some problems with GS algorithm, such as poor convergence and cannot constrain the intensity, thus leading to noise accompany in the reconstructed images. We introduce a modified G-S algorithm to I-COACH in this work to optimize the CPM and enhance the reconstruction images quality. The results show that both the PSH and OH recorded with optimization CPM have lower noise and the reconstructions have better imaging quality.
Fresnel incoherent correlation holography as a self-interference holographic technique is employed as three dimensional (3D) localization method of fluorescent microspheres, thus to obtain 3D microscopic imaging. In order to promote the localization accuracy and the reconstructed image quality, autofocus algorithm is introduced to help finding accurate reconstruction distance in the Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holographic (FINCH) localization microscopic imaging. The performances of autofocus algorithm under different evaluation parameters of reconstruction images are investigated, and the suitable autofocus algorithm are used during hologram reconstruction. The localization algorithm is utilized based on the reconstructed image. The localization accuracy and imaging quality are compared with and without employing the autofocus algorithm. The enhanced localization accuracy is realized in the actual FINCH localization microscopic imaging system.
We proposed here a new method of encoding and extracting the 3D position of fluorescent micro particles. Cross-correlation matching method is employed to localize the axial position of fluorescent microsphere. And the localization accuracy of the proposal is compared with that of the traditional diffraction reconstruction algorithm. The effectiveness of the method is verified by both simulations and experiments, and the localization accuracy of the method are evaluated quantitatively. This method overcomes the limitation of the imaging depth in the traditional single molecule localization, reduces the influence of optical aberration on the localization accuracy, and it possess the potential of achieving the isotropic super resolution localization of the sample.
Illumination properties in imaging system have profound influence on the imaging characteristics that is ultimately observed. Structured illumination has been applied widely to three-dimensional microscopic imaging for obtaining super-resolution and sectional imaging. It is obvious that optimized and adaptive structured illumination results in expected image. Three-dimensional structured illumination can be produced by interference of multi-beam which is diffracted from a certain grating. Focusing on structured-light formed by multi-beam interference,the effect of phase grating modulation parameters on the properties of structured-light pattern are investigated in this work. Both simulated and experimental results show that the phase grating has higher diffraction efficiency and the phase modulation parameter of the sinusoidal phase grating has direct impact on the distribution of the structured light pattern. When the phase modulation parameter is optimized, the maximum modulation of structured-light pattern in three-dimension is obtained. Then we simulated the imaging of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography with optimized 3D structured illumination, and presented the improved reconstruction images.
Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is an incoherent digital holography technique without two-wave interference. In the system of I-COACH, the information of the corresponding depth of a three-dimensional object is reconstructed by the cross-correlation operation between a point hologram (PSH) and an object hologram (OH). Because the I-COACH needs to combine multi-step phase-shift technique and image averaging technique to suppress the bias terms and background noise in reconstructed images, the image time resolution is poor. In order to suppress the bias terms and background noise, in this paper, we proposed an adaptive learning dictionary reconstruction (ALDR) method of I-COACH system by combing non-linear reconstruction technique and sparse representation theory. By using the nonlinear reconstruction image as the training data of the model, the K-means singular value decomposition (K-SVD) and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm are used to obtain a redundant adaptive learning dictionary for reconstructing image. The compression reconstruction is performed to achieve the adaptive noise-free reconstructed image in the I-COACH.
Wavefront distortions or phase aberrations usually degrade the performance of imaging systems, thus limit the imaging resolution and image quality. Adaptive optics (AO) is proposed and developed in order to remove the effect of optical aberrations. Traditional AO systems use wavefront sensors (such as the Shaker-Hartmann sensor) to measure wavefront errors. Development of wavefront-sensorless adaptive optics in recent years eliminates the need for wavefront sensors, which simplifies system structure, reduces the cost and overcomes some limitations of traditional adaptive optics. In this paper, we focus on the implementation of Image-based wavefront-sensorless adaptive optics in Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Digital Holography (FINCH) to improve the imaging quality. Zernike polynomials are introduced to describe aberrations, sharpness and intensity are employed to evaluate the imaging quality dynamically, and the measurement and compensation are implemented combining with curve fitting algorithm. We implemented this method in FINCH system, which can achieve incoherent holograms by using the correlation between the object information and the image of a pinhole. A phase mask is mounted on a SLM to split the beam and shift phase to suppress the twin images in the reconstruction. Both the aberration and the phase mask were introduced by SLM. The image-based wavefront-sensorless adaptive optics is investigated experimentally in a FINCH imaging system.
The experiment of volume holographic storage for teaching and training the practical ability of senior students in Applied Physics is introduced. The students can learn to use advanced optoelectronic devices and the automatic control means via this experiment, and further understand the theoretical knowledge of optical information processing and photonics disciplines that have been studied in some courses. In the experiment, multiplexing holographic recording and readout is based on Bragg selectivity of volume holographic grating, in which Bragg diffraction angle is dependent on grating-recording angel. By using different interference angle between reference and object beams, the holograms can be recorded into photorefractive crystal, and then the object images can be read out from these holograms via angular addressing by using the original reference beam. In this system, the experimental data acquisition and the control of the optoelectronic devices, such as the shutter on-off, image loaded in SLM and image acquisition of a CCD sensor, are automatically realized by using LabVIEW programming.
We developed compressive self-interference digital holographic approach that allows retrieving three-dimensional information of the spatially incoherent objects from single-shot captured hologram. The Fresnel incoherent correlation holography is combined with parallel phase-shifting technique to instantaneously obtain spatial-multiplexed phase-shifting holograms. The recording scheme is regarded as compressive forward sensing model, thus the compressive-sensing-based reconstruction algorithm is implemented to reconstruct the original object from the under sampled demultiplexed sub-holograms. The concept was verified by simulations and experiments with simulating use of the polarizer array. The proposed technique has great potential to be applied in 3D tracking of spatially incoherent samples.
Spatial light modulator (SLM) has various of applications in the field of imaging, beam shaping, adaptive optics and so on. While SLM is used as an aberration correction element in super-resolution microscopy, the surface flatness of SLM could affect the imaging performance of the system due to the higher sensitivity to aberrations of these kind microscopic techniques. In this paper, the optical surface flatness of SLM is measured experimentally by employing the image plane digital holography. The topography of SLM is retrieved from the captured hologram. Aiming to the application of SLM as an adaptive correction element in super resolution microscopy, the aberrations introduced by the surface flatness of SLM are further evaluated and corrected in the same optical system.
Self-interference digital holography enables holographic recording of object illuminated with spatially incoherent light. While Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) has great potential in super-resolution microscopic imaging, structured illumination can be implemented simultaneously to further improve the imaging resolution. In this paper, the imaging characteristics of FINCH with structured illumination are investigated in detail. The basic principle of FINCH with structured illumination is discussed. Effects of characteristics of structured light pattern, such as the period, orientation and modulation depth on lateral-resolution are investigated. The potential of structured illuminated FINCH in three-dimensional super-resolution imaging was demonstrated in the paper.
We provide an overview of the development and current structure for cultivating the success of graduate student in Optical Engineering at Beijing University of Technology. Using the educational environment for graduate students in Advanced Laser Manufacturing as an example, we present the environment, the curriculum and some specific programs which demonstrate a multifaceted strategy combining production, study and research, including international cooperation, applications engineering and technology-based research. The programs are tightly linked to the national economic goals and specifically to development of the manufacturing industry which has a critical need for highly skilled and motivated graduates.
In the Optics of University Physics, two most important concepts are interference and diffraction, which reflect the wave nature of the light. The corresponding content is relatively abundant, such as Young’s Double-slit Interference, One-slit Diffraction, Grating Diffraction. But they are not easy for undergraduates to comprehend. So in order to show the two phenomenon visually, the related demonstrative experiment equipment are well-developed, but they are independent with each other. The students can accept them separately, but in the same time ignore the connection between them two. Actually, interference and diffraction are consistent in essence from the view of coherent superposition and redistribution of the light intensity. The difference only depends on the specific parameters. The objective of our paper is to analyze the condition for two slits to produce interference and diffraction phenomenon. Also, apply the knowledge of Fourier Optics to analyze the Fresnel diffraction. This would be a good example for the theory of grand unification in physics. Firstly, the intensity distribution is deduced for two-slit interference, one-slit Fraunhofer diffraction, two-slit Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction applying complex-amplitude integration method. In the same time, the simulated experimental results by MATLAB are shown. Secondly, the experimental results are given to verify the analysis. Finally, a new idea is presented to realize an equipment of demonstrative experiment for teaching.
The details of design and implementation of incoherent digital holographic experiments based on LabVIEW are demonstrated in this work in order to offer a teaching modal by making full use of LabVIEW as an educational tool. Digital incoherent holography enables holograms to be recorded from incoherent light with just a digital camera and spatial light modulator ,and three-dimensional properties of the specimen are revealed after the hologram is reconstructed in the computer. The experiment of phase shifting incoherent digital holography is designed and implemented based on the principle of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography. An automatic control application is developed based on LabVIEW, which combines the functions of major experimental hardware control and digital reconstruction of the holograms. The basic functions of the system are completed and a user-friendly interface is provided for easy operation. The students are encouraged and stimulated to learn and practice the basic principle of incoherent digital holography and other related optics-based technologies during the programming of the application and implementation of the system.
In this paper, the simulation experiments both of Abbe-Porter spatial filtering and of optical processing of image addition and subtraction with a grating filter are designed and performed. We realize the design and operation of optical information processing simulation experiments based on information optics theory and the experimental principle by using MATLAB programing language. The spatial filtering of Fourier spectrum, one of the main concepts in information optics, is intuitively described via the simulation experiments, and the experiment process is demonstrated step by step. The results show that the simulation experiments are really helpful for the filter's design and the image processing. These developed virtual experiments have been used in experimental teaching for undergraduate students majored in optics or optical engineering, which effectively assist students to understand concept and principle of optical information processing.
Fluorescence microscopy is widely used in various of practical applications now. High resolution optical sectional microscopic imaging utilized by confocal two- or multi-photon fluorescence microscopy has became an essential tool in biological researches. However, optical aberrations introduced by nonhomogeneity refractive index of tissues degraded the resolution and brightness of the images. Here we present the implementation of self-interference digital holographic adaptive optics in fluorescence microscopy. Wavefront sensing and correction is achieved by holographic recording and numerical processing approach, dispenses with Shack-Hartmann sensor and deformable mirror-based complicated system. The operation speed of the system is enhanced using off-axis Fourier triangular holography. Both the influence of the size and axial position of the guide star on the quality of the corrected images are investigated.
KEYWORDS: Holography, Holograms, 3D image reconstruction, Digital holography, 3D image processing, Color imaging, Interferometers, Image fusion, Fourier transforms, RGB color model
A novel method of holographic color imaging for 3D spatially incoherent objects is proposed in this paper. Off-axis incoherent Fourier holographic recording of quasi-monochromatic illuminated objects is implemented by modifying the optical configuration of radial shearing triangular interferometer. Three holograms are recorded sequentially when the object is illuminated by red, green and blue color extended light and then synthesized to generate a RGB fashion color image. Holograms of different view of the object are recorded and reconstructed sequentially to achieve a holographic color imaging. Some image fusion skills are employed during the holographic reconstruction to compensate the chromatism and aberrations of the wavelength sensitively system. The method holds great potential in some applications such as high speed 3D spectral imaging.
Compressive sensing has been successfully applied in digital holography (DH), which formulated holography as a compressive sensing problem, thus the reconstruction of hologram is inverted as the decompress and solving the minimization problem. The original information can be reconstructed accurately when the reconstruction conditions are guaranteed in different physical scheme and optical recording set-up. In this paper, the reconstruction conditions are investigated both theoretically and experimentally in near-field Fresnel propagation regime. The effect of recording distance on the physical properties of Fresnel wave propagation is demonstrated, and then show their effect on reconstructed image quality.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Optical filters, Holograms, Reconstruction algorithms, Digital imaging, Digital filtering, Holography, 3D image reconstruction, Distortion, Image registration
An automatic angular-spectrum filtering for the phase reconstruction of dual-wavelength digital holograms in a common-path configuration is presented. The major procedure of this automatic angular-spectrum filtering consists of excluding the zero-order region of Fourier spectrums and locating the center of order +1 region of the angular spectrums for two individual wavelengths. The phase map of the object is retrieved with the automatic angular spectrum-filtering algorithm in dual-wavelength digital holographic system, which demonstrates that the automatic angular spectrum-filtering algorithm is feasible and effective. It provides an efficient solution for angular-spectrum filtering in real time dual wavelength digital holographic microscopy.
Incoherent digital holographic adaptive optics (IDHAO) is a new technology of wavefront sensing and correction. However, the process of the holographic wavefront sensing needs to record digital holograms of object and a guide star independently which reduces the speed of sensing. We present a method for enhancing the operation speed of the IDHAO in this paper. The effects of the size of guide star hologram and the minimum resolvable size of discrete object on compensation of wavefront aberration are discussed. We find that for a discrete object, the hologram of guide star can be extracted from the hologram of the incoherent object. The operation speed of IDHAO system can be enhanced for discrete object by this method. This study improves the potential applications of IDHAO in the field of astronomical observation and so on.
We present a new method of realizing the spatial-identification image encryption based on digital holography in order to improve the encryption degree and increase encryption freedom. Both the object beam and the reference beam are modulated with random phase respectively. The random phase displayed on the spatial light modulator (SLM) in the reference arm is being refreshed synchronously when the aperture is scanning over the original image. The original image is divided into many subareas by the scanning aperture, and the object beam from each subarea interferes with a reference beam with unique random phase. Therefore, many sub-holograms are captured and each sub-hologram is encrypted with its own sub-key. The spatial position of the aperture becomes additional secret key because it is necessary that each sub-key should match with each encrypted sub-hologram for obtaining a completely decrypted image. This method greatly improves the image encryption degree and guarantees the security of the information. The whole original image is retrieved by superposition of all decrypted subareas. The encryption and decryption are demonstrated by simulations.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was successfully applied in the microstructure imaging of biological tissue
after being proposed firstly in 1991 by the researchers of MIT. As a novel optical imaging technology, it mainly uses
interference principles to achieve noninvasive and high resolution visualization of samples. OCT works analogously to
an ultrasound scanner, the major difference is that ultrasound pulses are replaced by broadband light. According to
whether need for mechanical axial scan in the depth direction, it can be classified into the time-domain OCT (TD-OCT)
and frequency-domain OCT (FD-OCT). The FD-OCT system overmatches the TD-OCT in imaging speed because of its
depth collection advantage. But in the reconstructive image of FD-OCT detection, the complex-conjugate ambiguity will
seriously deteriorate the imaging effect of tomogram. So the technique of removing the complex-conjugate image is
employed that is called complex FD-OCT. The complex FD-OCT has widely application in many fields, especially in
the refractive index measurement. The refractive index is an important parameter characterizing light propagation in the
medium. In the paper, we present a method to measure the average refractive index of the sample with substrate
calibration by using complex FD-OCT method, in which we can calculate it without depending on the parameters of
system such as spectral width of light source. Due to the measurement of average refractive index relative to the actual
thickness and optical length, it is necessary to obtain them of the sample experimentally. The complex FD-OCT method
can easily achieved the optical length via measuring the positions of the sample’s front and rear surfaces. In the
experiment, the coverslip (the borosilicate glass) is chosen as the sample and the calibration substrate. We make use of
the substrate to load the sample on it, and then the tomogram of the sample can be achieved by means of OCT’s lateral
scan in the edge of the sample and complex FD-OCT method. According to the experimental results, we can acquire the
sample’s tomographic information and position of the substrate. The ratio of actual thickness and optical length can be
indirectly calculated out with the pixel number obtained by analyzing the image data. So with only one time scan, we can
complete the measurement of average refractive index of the sample without aid of other instruments.
Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is one of the methods for recording holograms of 3D samples under incoherent illumination. The FINCH combines the theory of spatial self-coherence and the in-line phase-shift technology together to form a complex hologram. A spatial phase light modulator (SPLM) plays important roles as the dynamic diffraction optical element (DOE) and phase shifter. When the incoherent light generated from each object point of the 3D samples incidents to a SPLM, it can be split into two spatial self-coherent beams with different curvatures. The hologram caused by these two beams can then be captured by an image detector. Three holograms with different phase shift are recorded sequentially for eliminating the zero-order and twin image, and then a complex valued hologram is obtained by superposing the three holograms. In this paper, the modulation characteristics of SPLM and phase shift error in FINCH are investigated. Based on digital holography, phase modulation characteristics of SPLM are measured under coherent and narrow-bandwidth incoherent illumination respectively. Phase shift error due to quasi monochromatic light illumination is then analyzed in FINCH. The effect of phase shift error on the quality of reconstructed image is also investigated. It is demonstrated the FINCH setup has a smaller phase shift error by experiment.
Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) enables holograms to be created from incoherent light illumination of 3D objects. The optical setup of FINCH is usually simple and compact owe to its in-line geometry while the reconstruction of hologram suffers from the obstruction of zero-order item and twin image. Phase-shift technology is combined with FINCH in order to obtain zero-order-free and twin-image-free reconstruction. Three-step phase-shifting is adopted in all the publications of FINCH and the application of other multi-step phase-shift technology in FINCH are not investigated yet. The Fresnel holograms are sequentially recorded with different multi-step phase-shifting (including four, three, and two-step) to form the complex hologram and the quality of the reconstructed images are compared by simulations and experiments respectively in this study. Several parameters including resolution, SNR and normalized cross-correlation are applied to evaluate the quality of reconstruction images. Although various noises would be introduced by the optical elements and the experimental environment in practice, four-step phase-shifting provides the best quality of the reconstructed image but the system resolution is not different from others. In addition, the influence of different phase shift plus to the quality of reconstruction images in the three-step phase-shifting FINCH is investigated and the results show that the quality of reconstruction images which use the π/2 is better than that 2π/3.
Imaging fiber bundle is a necessary element in a conventional endomicroscopy imaging system. The combination of a
proximal spatial light modulator as a means of achieving beam scanning and an imaging fiber bundle for light delivery
and collection enables the wavefront at the distal end of the fiber bundle to be synthesized, controlled and scanned. In
this way the endomicroscope is very different from conventional systems which use proximal scanning mirrors or distal
scanning heads. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of primary parameters, such as diameter of each core, core-core
separation and phase mask applied to the face of the imaging fiber bundle on the characteristics of focusing spot.
These effects were simulated by numerically generating distal wavefronts and propagating them using the method of
angular spectrum of plane-wave. The axial and lateral resolution and SNR were introduced to evaluate the characteristics
of the focus. The imaging system could be optimized and reduced constraints on the imaging fiber bundle used based on
these results.
In this paper, the position selectivity of holograms recorded with orthogonal-phase coded reference beams is investigated
by numerical simulation and preliminary experiments. The results of numerical simulation show that with a phase-coded
reference beam, the brightness of the reconstructed image is sensitive to the relative shift between the hologram and the
phase-coding pattern of the reference beam. The position selectivity is not worse than 40μm in both lateral directions.
The results of preliminary experiments also show that the position selectivity is even better. According to both the
numerical simulation and the experiments, it is clear that with orthogonal phase-coded reference beams, the position
selectivity can be satisfying for holographic storage. This suggests that a new hybrid multiplexing method, which
incorporates orthogonal phase-coding multiplexing into shift-multiplexing, could be suitable for high-density and
high-fidelity holographic storage.
In the paraelectric phase photorefractive crystal, the quadratic electro-optic effect can result in Bragg gratings in the
volume of the crystal. The reconstruction process and the diffractive properties of the grating can be governed by the
externally applied electric field. The measurement of the diffraction efficiency as a function of the applied electric
field during recording is described. Dependence of electrically controlled Bragg grating in paraelectric phase KLTN:
Cu crystals on readout illumination beam polarization were experimentally investigated. The results of experiments
show that the diffraction efficiency of electric-controlled volume grating can also be controlled by the polarization of
readout light. All these results would offer an possibility for a photorefractive optical switch by adjusting the
polarization of the readout beam to control the diffraction efficiency.
Holographic volume gratings as diffractive elements have much practical and more potential applications, such as spatial
filters, attenuators, modulators, imaging lenses and so on. The reflection volume gratings have more higher wavelength
selectivity than transmission gratings and is more suitable for spectral selectors. A type of photosensitive-refractive glass,
silicate glass doped with silver, cerium, fluorine, and bromine, was fabricated at our lab and the basic holographic
performances of the PTR glass are experimental measured in this paper. Holographic volume grating were recorded in
the photosensitive-refractive glass sample by exposured to the interference pattern of a He-Cd laser operating at 325nm
and 442nm respectively. A feasible experimental strategy for readout this kind of grating by invisible or longer
wavelength light is presented based on the theory of coupled waves.
In this paper, we suggest a simple method of making specified random-phase shifters which are used for speckle-shift
multiplexing in photopolymers. Compared with other kinds of diffusers, they are easier to be made and designed to
control the average speckle size so as to accommodate the requirement for high storage density. The experimental
scheme and the theoretical calculation of the desired speckle size are given. Then the difference between the
experimentally measured and theoretically calculated speckle size is discussed. Finally the unfavorable factors which
influence the performances of shift-multiplexing using this scheme are discussed, and the feasible solutions to those
problems are given.
The lensless Fourier transform digital holography has been widely employed in microscopic imaging. It enables
quantitative phase analysis for both reflection and transmission objects. The phase image is obtained in the numerical
reconstruction procedure. The in-focus reconstruction distance could be determined according to the extremum of the
autofocusing criterion function, which is commonly applied in finding the in-focus amplitude image of the object. Then
the reconstruction distance for the phase image is considered to be equal to the one for the amplitude image. When the
object is a pure phase sample, such as the living cell, the minimum value of the autofocusing criterion function should be
found to determine the in-focus reconstruction distance. However, in the experiment, the in-focus amplitude image is
often not an ideal uniform bright field, so this method will result in some deviation. In this contribution, two
derivatives-based criterion functions are applied to the phase image directly to accomplish the in-focus phase contrast
imaging, which is more intuitive and precise. In our experiments, the set-up of the lensless Fourier transform digital
holography is established firstly. Then the living cervical carcinoma cells are detected. The phase aberration is corrected
by two-step algorithm. The final autofocusing results verify the algorithm proposed in this paper.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, 3D image reconstruction, Holograms, Image segmentation, Fourier transforms, Microscopy, Holography, Digital recording, Reconstruction algorithms, Cervical cancer
The number of cells is commonly employed to describe the cell viability and the status of cell culture in a certain extent.
An automatic and non-invasive detecting method for the status analysis of cell culture is developed based on digital
holography microscopy (DHM) technology. Digital holographic imaging can retrieve quantitative information of object
wavefront by the numerical reconstruction from a single digital hologram recorded by a detector such as CCD or CMOS
camera, which is especially suitable for the morphology detection of the transparent or semi-transparent cells. In this
contribution, the lensless Fourier transform (LFT) based holography configuration is designed for cell imaging without
prestaining, and the amplitude and phase of living cells can be reconstructed by digital reconstruction and phase
unwrapped algorithms. Then the image filtering and segmentation are combined for the automatic evaluation of the level
of confluency. In imaging experiments, the culture status of the cervical cancer cell TZMbl is detected, and the results
demonstrate that digital holography microscopy provides a feasible non-invasive method for monitoring the living cell
culture.
Multi-aperture telescope is proposed to achieve high angular resolution without fabricating a large diameter monolithic
primary mirror. Due to the array structure, the multi-aperture telescope has almost the same cut-off frequency as an
equivalent diameter telescope, but decrease in the area of light collecting, which is the reason that the direct output
image of multi-aperture telescope is blurred and low contrast. The additive noise level is another reason for low image
quality. The Wiener filter is sensitive to noise because of the zero value out of the cut-off frequency in optical transfer
function. An alternative image deblurring method is total variation (TV) blind deconvolution. The TV method is an
iterative algorithm and preserves the edge information well. The most important characteristic of TV blind
deconvolution is that the algorithm is still working with high noise level and produces reasonable result.
Information Optics (i.e. Fourier Optics) is a compulsory professional course in the teaching program for juniors in the field of applied physics at Beijing University of Technology. Various methods are applied to information optics teaching in order to obtain satisfying teaching effect. Active and interactive teaching method based on exploring forefront topics was proposed and put into practice, especially for teaching “holography and holographic technology application” section of the coursein which the teaching activity was not restricted to classroom any more. A visiting to the exhibit of forefront production of holographic display was introduced as an episode in the teaching. The process of teaching was designed elaborately to an interactive activity between the teacher and students, and to stimulate students to cooperate. The teaching practice proves that the active and interactive teaching method is much favorable by students and successful in information optics teaching.
The coherent scattering noise properties were investigated adequately of a blue laser sensitized holographic
photopolymer material. The noise gratings formed in this kind of photopolymer material with single-beam exposure was
examined. The measurement of bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) was used for reference to study the
spatial distribution properties of scatter noise. The experimental results showed that the scattering noise buildup was
faster in those photopolymers with higher initial transmittance which owe to more monomer or more photosensitizer dye,
and faster buildup of scattering noise is corresponding to larger FWHM (full width at half-maximum of scanning readout)
of scattering noise in spatial distribution.
KEYWORDS: Charge-coupled devices, Imaging systems, Data storage, Holographic data storage systems, Binary data, Spatial light modulators, Holography, Signal to noise ratio, Data processing, Holograms
We use the conception of pixel-matched spread function (PMSF) to analyze the physical process of intra-page cross talk
in a holographically imaged data page, and design an arithmetic to suppress the intra-page cross talk generated in the
reconstructed data page due to limited aperture of imaging optical system. By applying this arithmetic to a data page of
512×512 pixels captured from our CCD, the raw bit error rate (BER) decreased from 1.1×10-3 to 2.4×10-4.
In recent years, doped KLTN (K1-xLixTa1-yNbyO3) crystal in paraelectric state was reported to be a new type of
holographic storage medium owning to its great promotion for diffraction efficiency, through quadratic electro-optical
effect generated by external electrical field. In this paper, we describe the preparation method of the KLTN crystal in our
laboratory and report our preliminary experimental research on electrically controllable holography in a KLTN: Cu
crystal. It was found that the writing intensity and polarization of the readout beam affect the diffraction efficiency
remarkably, and the voltage selectivity of holograms stored in the crystal was observed, which is potential to increase the
storage capacity.
Dark diffusion transient in a blue-green sensitized holographic photopolymer was investigated based on a previously published theoretical model of monomer diffusion. Diffusion time constant of monomers was obtained by fitting the experimental data to the theoretical model. According to the results of diffusion time constant, experiments were designed and conducted to investigate the evolution of grating efficiency with non-continuous holographic exposure. The experimental result indicated that the saturated diffraction efficiency of a non-continuously exposed grating is about 1.25 times of that of continuously exposed one under the same recording condition.
"Specialized Physics Experiments" is a significant laboratory-experimental course for Bachelor Degree in the Applied Physics discipline. In this paper, the introduction of advanced research in volume holographic storage to an integrated experiment of the course is presented. The results show that by introducing sophisticated experiment, which contains contemporary optics, mechanics, electronics, and computing, to the course experiments, the knowledge and technical abilities of undergraduate students can be effectively extended. This presents a model of combining scientific research projects with undergraduate teaching.
A pair of cascade lenses, a Fourier-transform lens and an imaging lens, is the key component in a volume holographic data-storage system (HDSS) for writing in and reading out the information in holographic recording material respectively. For a high-density holographic data-storage system, performances of these lenses are critical. In order to obtain precise input and output information, and reduce the bit-error rate in the retrieved data, the accurate pixel matching between the whole high-resolution page of SLM and CCD must be ensured. To meet these requirements, in this paper the design of this lens is discussed in detail. In this paper we designed the lenses of unsymmetrical structure and compact profile, and the maximal image distortion of the lens less than 0.01%, and the MTF value at the spatial frequency 40 LP/mm greater than 0.5 over the whole view-field. Other aberrations such as spherical aberration, field curvature, comatic were well corrected. The lens can realize pixel matching between 1024x768 of SLM and CCD. Furthermore, the effect of the manufacture accuracy of the lens on its image quality was analyzed, based on which the optimum parameters and manufacture/assembly tolerance are given.
The recent research on high-density, large-capacity, nonvolatile holographic storage in photorefractive crystals, carried out at Beijing University of Technology, is reviewed in this paper. A batch thermal fixing technique was developed to overcome the volatility of a large number of multiplexed holograms, which has also proved to increase the effective dynamic range of crystals, hence to increase the storage density. The key of this technique is determination of the inter-batch optical erasure time constant that is much longer than the convenient (intra-batch) erasure time constant of the crystal. Disk-type storage is proposed to increase the degree of spatial multiplexing, so that the whole volume of the material can be used for storage, and the capacity increases remarkably. Incorporating batch thermal fixing into holographic disk storage yields to a track-division thermal fixing (TDTF) scheme for holographic disk storage to overcome the volatility of information and increase the storage density and capacity as well. Analyses and experimental results on a high density of 50 bits/μm2 (10 Gbits/cm3) show that high-density huge-capacity mass storage, indicated by storing 1 tera-bits or more data in a single crystal of reasonable size, can be achieved by means of TDTF holographic disk storage scheme.
A practical method of suppressing photovoltaic noise in photorefractive iron doped lithium niobate crystals (Fe:LiNbO3) is proposed, in which the surfaces of the crystal are coated with transparent electric-conductive material (In2O3 doped stannum, ITO) forcing the crystal to operate in a short-circuit mode. In order to assess the validity of this method, the loss of signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR) was used to evaluate the quality of images formed directly through uncoated and ITO- coated crystals respectively. Several iron doped lithium niobate crystals were measured. The main experimental results showed that the scattering noise decreased obviously in the ITO-coated crystals, suggesting that the short-circuit operation suppressed photovoltaic noise effectively. Furthermore, it is found that the dynamic range (M#) of the crystals increased after they were coated with ITO. The results of experiments on multiple hologram recordings in the uncoated and ITO-coated Fe:LiNbO3 crystal verified the improvement of M# well.
The batch-thermal fixing scheme was combined into holographic disk storage, for the first time to our knowledge, yielding to a track-division thermal fixing scheme (TDTF), in order to increase the storage density and overcome the volatility of the holographic memories. As a specific batch-thermal fixing scheme, the concept of TDTF scheme was described in this paper. Three principal holographic time-constants of a photorefractive crystal for TDTF scheme were measured, based on which an appropriate exposure-time sequence was calculated and applied to record multiple holograms. The disk mount has been designed and finely manufactured, consequently, the reposition accuracy of the crystal disk can meet the requirement after the crystal experienced off-line thermal fixing. 5000 images, each contains 768×768 pixels, divided into 4 tracks , have been stored in a disk-shaped 0.03wt% Fe doped LiNbO3 crystal using TDTF scheme. The samples of retrieved holograms showed approximately equal diffraction efficiency and good fidelity. The Experiment resulted in a high areal density of 50 bits/μm2 and volume density of 10 Gbits/cm3.
KEYWORDS: Crystals, Holography, Data storage, Signal to noise ratio, Holograms, Laser crystals, Multiplexing, Image quality, Scattering, 3D image reconstruction
Ten thousand data pages, each containing 768×768 pixels, have been stored in a single section of a disk-shaped, iron-doped LiNbO3 crystal using spatioangular multiplexing with a convergent spherical reference beam, leading to an areal density of 33.7bits/μm2 and a volumetric density of 6.7Gbits/cm3. The system design considerations for the achievement of the goals ensure the success of the experiment. Customer-designed Fourier transform and imaging optics with short focal length provide tightly confined object beam at the crystal and good iamge quality in the detector array. An optimized reflection configuration avoids the detrimental scattering from the crystal surface to enter the detector array. An optimzied reflection configuration avoids the detrimetnal scattering from the crystal surface to enter the detector. The images were reconstructed with good fidelity. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was measured to be 3.6 for the worst-case in the sampled retrieved images, from which, a raw bit error rate of 1.6×10-4 before error correction could be estimated.
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