National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. have been developing large format and high-speed readout CMOS sensors. It is designed to be 2,560 × 10,000 pixels with 7.5μm and three-side buttable in order to cover a wide field of view. The CMOS sensors is designed to be back-illuminated to achieve higher filling factor than front-illuminated CMOS sensors and to improve the sensitivity by avoiding photon absorption by the poly-silicon circuit. Each pixel row is equipped with an ADC to achieve the frame rate of 10Hz. The evaluation in the laboratory shows that the sensor has excellent performance; the quantum efficiency is 80% at maximum at 600nm and readout noise is 3 e− rms at 2fps. We are developing a wide field camera using these CMOS sensors.
The instrumentation of the Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS), a next generation facility instrument on the Subaru telescope, is now in the final phase of its commissioning process and its general, open-use operations for sciences will provisionally start in 2025. The instrument enables simultaneous spectroscopy with 2386 individual fibers distributed over a very wide (∼1.3 degrees in diameter) field of view on the Subaru’s prime focus. The spectra cover a wide range of wavelengths from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure in the Low-Resolution (LR) mode (while the visible red channel has the Medium-Resolution (MR) mode as well that covers 710−885nm). The system integration activities at the observatory on Maunakea in Hawaii have been continuing since the arrival of the Metrology Camera System in 2018. On-sky engineering tests and observations have also been carried out continually since September 2021 and, despite various difficulties in interlacing commissioning processes with development activities on the schedule and addressing some major issues on hardware and software, the team successfully observed many targeted stars as intended over the entire field of view (Engineering First Light) in September 2022. Then in parallel to the arrival, integration and commissioning of more hardware components, validations and optimizations of the performance and operation of the instrument are ongoing. The accuracy of the fiber positioning process and the speed of the fiber reconfiguration process have been recently confirmed to be ∼ 20−30μm for 95% of allocated fibers, and ∼130 seconds, respectively. While precise quantitative analyses are still in progress, the measured throughput has been confirmed to be consistent with the model where the information from various sub-components and sub-assemblies is integrated. Long integration of relatively faint objects are being taken to validate an expected increase of signal-to-noise ratio as more exposures are taken and co-added without any serious systematic errors from, e.g., sky subtraction process. The PFS science operation will be carried out in a queue mode by default and various developments, implementations and validations have been underway accordingly in parallel to the instrument commissioning activities. Meetings and sessions are arranged continually with the communities of potential PFS users on multiple scales, and discussions are iterated for mutual understanding and possible optimization of the rules and procedures over a wide range of processes such as proposal submission, observation planning, data acquisition and data delivery. The end-to-end processes of queue observations including successive exposures with updated plans based on assessed qualities of the data from past observations are being tested during engineering observations, and further optimizations are being undertaken. In this contribution, a top-level summary of these achievements and ongoing progresses and future perspectives will be provided.
PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the Subaru telescope, is now being tested on the telescope. The instrument is equipped with very wide (1.3 degrees in diameter) field of view on the Subaru’s prime focus, high multiplexity by 2394 reconfigurable fibers, and wide waveband spectrograph that covers from 380nm to 1260nm simultaneously in one exposure. Currently engineering observations are ongoing with Prime Focus Instrument (PFI), Metrology Camera System (MCS), the first spectrpgraph module (SM1) with visible cameras and the first fiber cable providing optical link between PFI and SM1. Among the rest of the hardware, the second fiber cable has been already installed on the telescope and in the dome building since April 2022, and the two others were also delivered in June 2022. The integration and test of next SMs including near-infrared cameras are ongoing for timely deliveries. The progress in the software development is also worth noting. The instrument control software delivered with the subsystems is being well integrated with its system-level layer, the telescope system, observation planning software and associated databases. The data reduction pipelines are also rapidly progressing especially since sky spectra started being taken in early 2021 using Subaru Nigh Sky Spectrograph (SuNSS), and more recently using PFI during the engineering observations. In parallel to these instrumentation activities, the PFS science team in the collaboration is timely formulating a plan of large-sky survey observation to be proposed and conducted as a Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) from 2024. In this article, we report these recent progresses, ongoing developments and future perspectives of the PFS instrumentation.
PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the Subaru telescope, is a very wide- field, massively multiplexed, and optical and near-infrared spectrograph. Exploiting the Subaru prime focus, 2394 reconfigurable fibers will be distributed in the 1.3 degree-diameter field of view. The spectrograph system has been designed with 3 arms of blue, red, and near-infrared cameras to simultaneously deliver spectra from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure. The instrumentation has been conducted by the international collaboration managed by the project office hosted by Kavli IPMU. The team is actively integrating and testing the hardware and software of the subsystems some of which such as Metrology Camera System, the first Spectrograph Module, and the first on-telescope fiber cable have been delivered to the Subaru telescope observatory at the summit of Maunakea since 2018. The development is progressing in order to start on-sky engineering observation in 2021, and science operation in 2023. In parallel, the collaboration is trying to timely develop a plan of large-sky survey observation to be proposed and conducted in the framework of Subaru Strategic Program (SSP). This article gives an overview of the recent progress, current status and future perspectives of the instrumentation and scientific operation.
PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope, is a very wide-field, massively multiplexed, optical and near-infrared spectrograph. Exploiting the Subaru prime focus, 2394 reconfigurable fibers will be distributed over the 1.3 deg field of view. The spectrograph has been designed with 3 arms of blue, red, and near-infrared cameras to simultaneously observe spectra from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure at a resolution of ~ 1.6-2.7Å. An international collaboration is developing this instrument under the initiative of Kavli IPMU. The project recently started undertaking the commissioning process of a subsystem at the Subaru Telescope side, with the integration and test processes of the other subsystems ongoing in parallel. We are aiming to start engineering night-sky operations in 2019, and observations for scientific use in 2021. This article gives an overview of the instrument, current project status and future paths forward.
PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph), a next generation facility instrument on the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope, is a very wide-field, massively multiplexed, optical and near-infrared spectrograph. Exploiting the Subaru prime focus, 2394 reconfigurable fibers will be distributed over the 1.3 deg field of view. The spectrograph has been designed with 3 arms of blue, red, and near-infrared cameras to simultaneously observe spectra from 380nm to 1260nm in one exposure at a resolution of ~1.6 - 2.7Å. An international collaboration is developing this instrument under the initiative of Kavli IPMU. The project is now going into the construction phase aiming at undertaking system integration in 2017-2018 and subsequently carrying out engineering operations in 2018-2019. This article gives an overview of the instrument, current project status and future paths forward.
We are developing a high sensitivity and fast readout near-infrared (NIR) detector and an integral field unit (IFU) for making spectro-polarimetric observations of rapidly varying chromospheric spectrum lines, such as He I 1083 nm and Ca II 854 nm, in the next space-based solar mission SOLAR-C. We made tests of a 1.7 μm cutoff H2RG detector with the SIDECAR ASIC for the application in SOLAR-C. It’s important to verify its perfor- mance in the temperature condition around -100 °C, which is hotter than the typical temperature environment used for a NIR detector. We built a system for testing the detector between -70 °C and -140 °C. We verified linearity, read-out noise, and dark current in both the slow and fast readout modes. We found the detector has to be cooled down lower than -100 °C because of significant increase of the number of hot pixels in the hotter environment. The compact and polarization maintenance IFU was designed using fiber-optic ribbons consisting of rectangular cores which exhibit good polarization maintenance. A Silicone adhesive DC-SE9187L was used to hold the fragile fiber-optic ribbons in a metal housing. Polarization maintenance property was confirmed though polarization calibration as well as temperature control are required to suppress polarization crosstalk and to achieve the polarization accuracy in SOLAR-C.
The Kyoto Tridimensional Spectrograph II (Kyoto 3DII) is an optical integral field spectrograph mounted on the Subaru telescope as a PI-type instrument. Used with AO188, Kyoto 3DII provides us unique opportunities of optical Integral Field Spectroscopy (IFS) with adaptive optics (AO). While AO works better in redder wavelength regions, quantum efficiency of the previous CCD was low there with optimization for a wider wavelength coverage. To optimize Kyoto 3DII to AO observations, we have newly installed the red-sensitive Hamamatsu fully depleted CCD, which enhances the system efficiency by a factor of ~2 in the red wavelength range. Fringes are dramatically reduced, and the readout noise drops to 3:2-3:4e- about two times smaller than previous, due to refrigerator and readout system. With these improvements, we carried out engineering and scientific observations in September 2015, February and March 2016. We measured the system efficiency using a standard star, and confirmed the successful improvement of the system efficiency. We observed galactic nuclei of nearby galaxies in the Natural Guide Star (NGS) and the Laser Guide Star (LGS) modes. We found the spatial resolution of ~0.1′′ FWHM using a 9.5-magnitude NGS, and ~0.2 - 0:4′′ in LGS mode. Together with the AO resolution, improved efficiency opens a new window for Kyoto 3DII to carry out high resolution optical IFS targeting faint objects such as high-redshift galaxies as well as faint lines such as [OI] λ6300° A and absorption lines of nearby objects.
We report the non-uniformity of quantum efficiency (QE) and concentric ring patterns on the images of the CCDs used in Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) mounted on Subaru Telescope. The non-uniformity of QE is seen as gradient patterns along the direction of the vertical resistor especially in images obtained with the g, r, and i-band filters. This is explained by non-uniformity of QE on the CCDs caused by non-uniformity of thickness of the anti-reflective coating. We confirmed this phenomena by using laboratory QE data; with the g-band filter, QE increases 1.5 % from the horizontal resistor side to vertical resistor while it decreases with the i-band filter. The concentric ring pattern is seen on uniformly illuminated images. This is caused by inhomogeneous of impurity in high resistivity silicon wafer. The fluctuation is ±0.3 % of the signal levels with the g, r, i, z, and Y-band filters.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is an 870 Mega pixel prime focus camera for the 8.2 m Subaru telescope. The wide field corrector delivers sharp image of 0.25 arc-sec FWHM in r-band over the entire 1.5 degree (in diameter) field of view. The collimation of the camera with respect to the optical axis of the primary mirror is realized by hexapod actuators whose mechanical accuracy is few microns. As a result, we expect to have seeing limited image most of the time. Expected median seeing is 0.67 arc-sec FWHM in i-band. The sensor is a p-ch fully depleted CCD of 200 micron thickness (2048 x 4096 15 μm square pixel) and we employ 116 of them to pave the 50 cm focal plane. Minimum interval between exposures is roughly 30 seconds including reading out arrays, transferring data to the control computer and saving them to the hard drive. HSC uniquely features the combination of large primary mirror, wide field of view, sharp image and high sensitivity especially in red. This enables accurate shape measurement of faint galaxies which is critical for planned weak lensing survey to probe the nature of dark energy. The system is being assembled now and will see the first light in August 2012.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is the wide-field CCD camera which is attached to the prime focus of Subaru
Telescope. It covers the field of view of 1.5 degree in diameter by 116 2k x 4k fully-depleted CCDs. In this
paper, we present the conceptual design of optics and mechanics how to introduce spectroscopic mode to this
simple imager HSC. The design is based on the idea that the optical elements such as collimeter, grisms and
camera lenses are integrated as a ’filter’ of HSC. The incident light is folded by pickup mirror at filter layer and
introduced to the filter space. After passing the slit, the incident light is collimated by the collimeter lens and
divided into three wavelength ranges by dichroic mirrors. The collimated beam in each wavelength range is fed
to the grism and dispersed. The dispersed beam is converged by the camera lens and folded by 45 degree mirror
to the direction parallel to the optical axis. The resultant spectra are imaged on the main CCDs on the focal
plane. The space allowed for filters is 600 mm in diameter and 42 mm thick, which is very tight but we are
able to design spectroscopic optics with some difficulties. The spectral resolution is designed to be more than
1000 and the wavelength coverage is targeted to be 370–1050 nm to realize medium-resolution spectroscopy for
various type of objects. We show the optical design of collimeter, grism and camera lenses together with the
mechanical layout of the spectroscopic optics.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)1,2 is a wide field imaging camera with the field of view (FOV) 1.5 degree diameter, which is to be installed at the prime focus of the Subaru Telescope. The large FOV is realized by the 116 2K × 4K pixels fully depleted back-illuminated CCD (FDCCD) with 15 μm pixel square. The acceptance inspection of the CCDs started around the end of 2009 and finished June 2011. We measured basic characteristics such as charge transfer efficiency (CTE), dark current, readout noise, linearity and the number of the dead column for all CCDs, and measured the quantum effciency (QE) of 21 CCDs. As a result, we confirmed exceptional quality and performance fdor all CCDs ans were able to select the best pissible 116 CCDs. We also measured the flatness of each CCD at room temperature, and optimally placed them on the focal plane plate. In this paper, we report the results of the acceptance inspection asn the installation process into the HSC dewar3,4.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) employs 116 pieces of 2k×4k fully-depleted CCD with a total of 464 signal outputs to cover
the 1.5 degrees diameter field of view. The readout electronics was designed to achieve ~5 e of the readout noise and
150000 e of the fullwell capacity with 20 seconds readout time. Although the image size exceeds 2G Bytes, the readout
electronics supports the 10 seconds readout time for the entire CCDs continuously. All of the readout electronics and the
CCDs have already been installed in the camera dewar. The camera has been built with equipment such as coolers and an
ion pump. We report the readout performance of all channels of the electronics extracted from the recent test data.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is a next generation wide field optical camera developed for F/2 prime focus of the 8.2 m
Subaru telescope. The focal plane is about 600 mm in diameter where 116 CCDs (2k4k 15 micron square each) are
arranged and cooled down to -100°C. The HSC CCD cryostat system design is presented by Komiyama et al. (2010).
Since then, we made detail designs of the components, manufactured them and assembled the dewar. This paper presents
the actual performance of the system including flatness and parallelism of the SiC cold plate, stability of its temperature,
the amount of out-gassing.
We have developed a filter exchange unit (FEU) and a shutter of Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). FEU consists of two parts; the alignment mechanism of the filter in the optical path and a jukebox of the filters. The alignment mechanism can guarantee 10 μm position stability with respect to the focal plane CCDs. On the exchange sequence, a motorized cart grabs and pushes the filter from the jukebox. Each jukebox has 3 slots and we have two identical jukeboxes. The operation is fully automated and the entire exchange sequence takes 16 minutes. Also, we developed the focal-plane shutter with 1,030 mm diameter envelope and 60 mm thickness while having 600 mm aperture. We report the detail of design and implementation of the shutter and FEU, and installation procedure of FEU.
We introduce the detail of the control system of Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) and its performance. Although it
has almost 10 times as many CCDs (104) as existing camera (Suprime-Cam), it is controlled by the common
user interface, the Subaru Observation Software System (SOSS) with the Gen2 implementation through the
HSC local controller (OBCP). If we adopt parallel programming, the read-out time should be within 25 seconds
including 18.6 seconds of readout time which is comparable to the current Suprime-Cam.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is the next generation wide-field imager for the prime focus of Subaru Telescope,
which is scheduled to receive its first light in 2011. Combined with a newly built wide-field corrector, HSC
covers 1.5 degree diameter field of view with 116 fully-depleted CCDs. In this presentation, we summarize the
details of the camera design: the wide-field corrector, the prime focus unit, the CCD dewar and the peripheral
devices. The wide-field corrector consists of 5 lenses with lateral shift type doublet ADC element. The novel
design guarantees the excellent image quality (D80 <0".3) over the field of view. On the focal plane, 116 CCDs
are tiled on the cold plate which is made of Silicon Carbide (SiC) and cooled down to -100 degrees by two pulse
tube coolers. The system is supported by the prime focus unit which provides a precise motion of the system to
align the wide-field corrector and the CCD dewar to the optical axis of the telescope.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is a second-generation wide field imaging camera for Subaru telescope with 10 times
wider field of view (FOV) compared with Suprime-Cam (SC) currently being used. HSC makes the survey
speed considerably faster than SC, while maintaining the high image quality of SC. The 1.5 degrees in diameter
FOV is covered with 116 of 2K × 4K fully depleted back-illuminated CCDs with 15 μm pixels developed by
HAMAMATSU Photonics K. K. and National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The CCDs for HSC
are designed to have higher quantum efficiency than those for SC in a wider range in the visible wavelengths,
especially in the blue region.
We at NAOJ have started acceptance inspection of the CCDs being delivered from HAMAMATSU. We used
the X-ray source of 55Fe and the LED to measure charge transfer efficiency, readout noise, linearity, and full-well
capacity of 33 CCDs. In addition, we measured the quantum efficiency of 7 CCDs. We confirmed all the CCDs
have good performances and quality. In this paper, we report the results from the acceptance inspection and
characterization of these CCDs.
Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) employs 116 of 2k×4k CCDs with 464 signal outputs in total. The image size
exceeds 2 GBytes, and the data can be readout every 10 seconds which results in the data rate of 210 Mbytes /
sec. The data is digitized to 16-bit. The readout noise of the electronics at the readout time of 20 seconds is
~0.9 ADU, and the one with CCD is ~1.5 ADU which corresponds to ~4.5 e. The linearity error fits within ±
0.5 % up to 150,000 e. The CCD readout electronics for HSC was newly developed based on the electronics
for Suprime-Cam. The frontend electronics (FEE) is placed in the vacuum dewar, and the backend electronics
(BEE) is mounted on the outside of the dewar on the prime focus unit. The FEE boards were designed to
minimize the outgas and to maximize the heat transfer efficiency to keep the vacuum of the dewar. The BEE
boards were designed to be simple and small as long as to achieve the readout time within 10 seconds. The
production of the system has been finished, and the full set of the boards are being tested with several CCDs
installed in the HSC dewar. We will show the system design, performance, and the current status of the
development.
In order to improve the quantum efficiency (QE) at longer wavelength, we have developed fully-depleted backilluminated
CCDs in collaboration with Hamamatsu Photonics K.K (HPK). Recently, HPK delivered 10 CCDs for Subaru Prime Focus Camera (Suprime-Cam). These CCDs are made on N-type, high resistivity silicon
wafers. Each CCD has a 200 μm thick depletion layer. The CCD format is four-side buttable, 2k × 4k, 15
μm square pixels with 4 low noise output amplifiers. The characteristics of the CCDs have been tested in the
laboratory before they are installed into Suprime-Cam dewar. These CCDs have excellent performance; readout
noise < 5 e-, dark current < 2 e-/hour/pixel, parallel and serial charge transfer efficiency (CTE) > 0.999995,
and full-well ~ 180,000 e-. The QE of λ = 1 μm was 40 % at -100°C. All CCDs have good cosmetics. Surface
flatness is ~ 25 μm peak to value (P-V). The specification was acceptable. We are also developing CCDs for Hype Suprime-Cam (HSC), the next generation instrument for Subaru Telescope. HPK optimized back side process and has developed blue enhanced CCDs for HSC.
Hyper Suprime-Cam is planned to employ about 120 2k×4k fully-depleted CCDs with 4 signal outputs for each. The
data size of an image becomes larger than 2Gbytes. All of the CCDs are designed to be readout parallel within 20
seconds, and the readout noise is expected to be 5e. The frontend electronics will be mounted in a vacuumed cryostat,
and connected to the backend electronics mounted on the outside of the cryostat. The frontend electronics includes entire
analog circuits for CCD including CCD drivers, preamplifiers and ADC. The backend electronics consists of newly
developed gigabit Ethernet modules combined with 2Gbytes memory modules, and several supporting boards. We will
present the current status of the CCD readout electronics developments for HSC.
For prompt optical polarimetry of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow, we require wide-field imaging polarimeter which can produce both Stokes Q and U parameters from only a single exposure, as well as quickly-moving telescope and enclosure system. HOWPol is an optical imaging polarimeter which provides four
linearly polarized images at position angles of 0°,
45°, 90° and 135°, i.e., Stokes I, Q, U,
simultaneously.
The key device is the wedged double Wollaston prism described by
Oliva (1997)1 and Pernechele et al. (2003).2
The images are focused on two 2k×4k fully depleted CCDs.
We report the design and development of the optical devices of
HOWPol, which will be mounted to the 1.5-m Kanata telescope at
Hiroshima University and stand by the GRB alert.
KEYWORDS: Electronics, Charge-coupled devices, Analog electronics, Digital signal processing, Telescopes, Digital electronics, Cadmium sulfide, Signal processing, Computing systems, Microelectromechanical systems
A next generation wide-field camera HyperSuprime proposed for the 8.2m Subaru telescope is planed to employ 176 2kx4k CCDs to cover a 2 degrees diameter field of view. The readout electronics is one of important parts of the instrument. The CCD has four signal outputs, and all of the CCDs are readout in 10 to 20 seconds. The total image size becomes 2.8 Gbytes which should be transferred to the observing room within the readout time. Furthermore, the instrument will be mounted on the prime focus of the telescope. To decrease the size, weight, and power consumption are important themes for HyperSuprime. We will present our effort and the possibilities discussed to realize the readout electronics.
A next generation wide-field camera, HyperSuprime, proposed for the 8.2m Subaru telescope is planned to employ 126 2k x 4k CCDs to cover a 1.5 degrees diameter field of view. This field of view is nearly ten times wider than the current prime focus camera, Suprime-Cam. The larger HyperSuprime must be designed to minimally impact the Subaru Telescope when installed. It should fit in the existing Inner-Hub and also the Top Unit Exchanger. The space and weight constraints are severe considering the tight optical tolerance. To achieve this, the we will adopt CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) for major mechanical structure.
HyperSuprime is a next generation wide field camera proposed for the 8.3 m Subaru Telescope. The targeted field of view is larger than 1.5 deg in diameter, which will give us roughly 10 times increase of the survey speed compared with the existing prime focus camera (Suprime-Cam). An overview of the current status of the feasibility study is given.
We have been developing fully-depleted CCDs fabricated on N-type silicon wafer in collaboration with HAMAMATSU
Photonics K.K.We have made several wafer runs to optimize the basic characteristics of the devices such
as the charge transfer efficiency (CTE), the full-well capacity and the amplifier gain, followed by the optimization
of the backside treatment to improve quantum efficiency (QE) in blue wavelengths. The optimization process is
successfully completed, and Hamamatsu recently started to deliver the 2k × 4k (15 μm pixel) four-side buttable
devices for acceptance evaluation at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. Based on the measured
QE in the X-ray, the depletion depth reaches 200 μm with CTE as good as >0.999995 for serial and parallel
directions and with readout noise of < 5 e- for 130 kHz readout. The size of charge diffusion is estimated to be
< 7.5 μm (one sigma) for pinhole image at wavelength of 450 nm. The device flatness is < 15-20 μm, and the
dark current is a few e-/hour/pixel at -100°C and ~ 20 e-/hour/pixel at -80°C.
The NeXT (New X-ray Telescope) satellite to be launched around 2010, has a large effective area in the 0.1-80
keV band with the use of the multilayer super mirror (HXT). As one of the focal plane detectors for NeXT,
we have been developing the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI). SXI consists of charge coupled devices (CCDs). In order
to increase the quantum efficiency (Q.E.) as high as possible, i.e., to detect X-rays collected by HXT as many
as possible, we developed a "fully-depleted and back-illuminated CCD" in the attempt to improve the Q.E.
of soft X-rays by the back-illuminated structure and that of hard X-rays by thickening of a depletion layer.
Thanks to a high-resistivity (over 10kΩ•cm) n-type Si, we have successfully developed Pch CCDs with very thick
depletion layer of over 300 micron, which is 4 times thicker than that of established X-ray MOS CCDs (for example
XIS, EPIC-MOS and ACIS-I). Furthermore, we have already confirmed we can thin a wafer down to 150 micron
independent of its resistivity from the experience of the development of the back supportless CCD. Based on
these successful results, we fabricated a test device of "fully depleted and back-illuminated CCD" with the high
resistivity (10kOhm cm) N-type Si thinned down to 200 micron. The pixel number and size are 512 x 512 and 24
x 24 μm, respectively. For optical blocking, we coated the surface with Al. We evaluated this test device and
confirmed the thickness of depletion layer reaches 200 micron as we expected. In this paper, we present progress in
development of these devices for SXI.
The next Japanese X-ray astronomical satellite mission, NeXT, was proposed to ISAS/JAXA following the Astro-E2 Suzaku satellite which was launched in July 2005. We develop an X-ray CCD camera system, SXI (Soft X-ray Imager), for NeXT. The Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT) onboard NeXT provides imaging capability up to 80 keV, using the multilayer-coated X-ray mirror technology, called "Supermirror", newly developed in Japan. SXI is one of the focal plane detectors of HXT, which covers the soft energy band in the 0.5-12 keV in the baseline and 0.3-25 keV in the goal. We develop p-type CCDs for the baseline of SXI because p-type CCDs have been successfully used for previous X-ray astronomical satellites. We developed a prototype of a p-type CCD for SXI, called "CCD-NeXT1". CCD-NeXT1 is a frame-transfer CCD with two readout nodes. The image area of CCD-NeXT1 consists of 2Kx2K pixels with a pixel size of 12 μm x 12 μm. We evaluated performance of CCD-NeXT1 devices, KG-4 and KG-5. The energy resolution was 141.8±0.6 eV full width at half maximum at 5.9 keV, the readout noise was 4.7±0.2 e-, the horizontal CTI was < 5.1 x 10-7, and the vertical CTI was < 2.4 x 10-7 for KG-5. The performance of KG-4 was more or less the same as that of KG-5. The thickness of the depletion layer was 82±7 μm for KG-4 and 76±6 μm for KG-5. We conclude that our technology for p-type CCDs is sufficient to satisfy the CCD performance for the baseline of SXI.
We have developed X-ray charge-coupled devices (CCD) for the next Japanese X-ray astronomical satellite mission, NeXT (Non-thermal energy eXploration Telescope). The hard X-ray telescope(HXT) onboard the NeXT can focus X-rays above 10 keV. Therefore, we need to develop an X-ray CCD for a focal plane detector to cover the 0.3-25 keV band in order to satisfy the capability of the telescope. We newly developed an n-type CCD fabricated on an n-type silicon wafer to expand the X-ray energy range as a focal plane detector of the
HXT. It is possible to have a thick depletion layer of approx. 300μm with an n-type CCD because it is easy to obtain high resistivity with an n-type silicon wafer compared to a p-type silicon wafer. We developed prototypes of n-type CCDs and evaluated their X-ray performance, energy resolution, charge transfer inefficiency(CTI) and the thickness of the depletion layer of two devices, designated Pch15 and Pch-teg. We measured the thickness of the depletion layer of Pch15 to be 290±33μm. For Pch-teg, the energy resolution was 152±3eV full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 5.9 keV and the readout noise was 7.3 e-. The performance of the n-type CCDs was comparable to that of p-type CCDs, and their depletion layer were much thicker than those of p-type CCDs.
Subaru adaptive optics is a system of curvature wavefront sensor
coupled with bimorph type deformable mirror. The number of element for each component is 36. The system is attached on the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. The open-use observation of the AO system has been started from April of 2002. In this paper, we report experiences obtained from Subaru adaptive optics system for two years of open-use operation. These experiences will be of value for development of
future AO systems.
The laser guide star adaptive optics (AO) system for Subaru Telescope is presented. The system will be installed at the IR Nasmyth platform, whereas the current AO system with 36 elements is operating at the Cassegrain focus. The new AO system has a 188 element wavefront curvature sensor with photon counting APD modules which is the largest control element curvature sensor system ever. The system will have 4-10 W solid state sum-frequency laser to generate a laser guide star. The laser launching telescope with 50 cm aperture will be installed at behind the secondary mirror. The laser unit will be installed on the third floor of the dome and the laser beam will be transferred to the laser launching telescope using single mode photonic crystal fiber cable.
The field of view of the optics is 2.7 arcmin to maximize the probability to find tilt guide stars for laser guide star operation. The expected Strehl ratio as raw AO performance is 0.46 at H-band under 0.60" seeing with 12 th mag guide star, and 0.71 for 8 th mag stars. New wavefront modulation technique, dual stroke membrane mirror control, is developed to reduce the tilt error which is more dominant for curvature sensor AO system.
The superb contrast imaging capability will be expected as natural guide star system.
The first light as the natural guide star system is planned in March 2006, the laser first light will be expected in March 2007.
The Subaru Telescope LGSAO system is a 188 elements curvature AO system currently under construction, and scheduled to have first light in March 2006 for the Natural Guide Star mode and March 2007 for the Laser Guide Star mode. A particularity of this system will be to perform curvature wavefront sensing with several extra-pupil distances, which significantly improves the closed-loop performance.
An overview of the predicted performance of the system is given for Natural Guide Star and Laser Guide Star modes.
We present the development status of the laser system for Subaru Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics System. We are manufacturing the quasi-continuous-wave sum frequency laser as a prototype. The optical efficiency of sum frequency generation normalized by the mode-locked fundamental YAG (1064 nm) laser output power is achieved to be 14 % using the non-linear crystal, periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP). Output power at sodium D2 line was about 260 mW. The optical relay fiber and the laser launching telescope are also described in this paper. For the optical relay fiber, we are testing an index guided photonic crystal fiber (PCF), whose core material is filled by fused silica, and whose clad has close-packed air holes in two dimension. The coupling efficiency was evaluated as about 80 % using 1mW He-Ne laser. We introduce the design of laser launching telescope (LLT), which is a copy of VLT laser launching telescope, and the interface to the Subaru Telescope.
As an upgrade plan of Subaru adaptive optics facility, laser-guide-star adaptive-optics (LGSAO) project is on going. One of key components of the project is a deformable mirror (DM). The DM for LGSAO is a bimorph type of PZT with 188 control elements. The specification of design is presented together with the analysis of stroke and vibration properties by FEM.
The laser guide star adaptive optics (AO) module for the Subaru Telescope will be installed at the f/13.9 IR Nasmyth focus, and provides the compensated image for the science instrument without change of the focal ratio. The optical components are mounted on an optical bench, and the flexure depending on the telescope pointing is eliminated. The transferred field of view for the science instrument is 2 arcmin diameter, but a 2.7 arcmin diameter field is available for tip-tilt sensing. The science path of the AO module contains five mirrors, including a pair of off-axis parabolic mirrors and a deformable mirror. It has also three additional mirrors for an image rotator. The AO module has a visible 188-element curvature based wavefront sensor (WFS) with photon-counting avalanche photodiode (APD) modules. It measures high-order terms of wavefront using either of a single laser (LGS) or natural guide star (NGS) within a 2 arcmin diameter field. The AO module has also a visible 2 x 2 sub-aperture Shack-Hartmann WFS with 16 APD modules. It measures tip-tilt and slow defocus terms of wavefront by using a single NGS within a 2.7 arcmin diameter field when a LGS is used for high-order wavefront sensing.
The module has also an infrared 2 x 2 sub-aperture Shack-Hartmann WFS with a HgCdTe array as an option. Both high- and low-order visible WFSs have their own guide star acquisition units with two steering fold mirrors. The AO module has also a source simulator. It simulates LGS and NGS beams, simultaneously, with and without atmospheric turbulence by two turbulent layer at about 0 and 6 km altitudes, and
reproduces the isoplanatism and the cone effect for the LGS beam.
Quantum Efficiency (QE) of CCDs decreases at λ >~ 0.7 μm since photons penetrate a depletion layer of CCD. If one makes the layer thicker, the QE will be largely improved. In collaboration with HAMAMATSU Photonics, we have been developing the thicker CCDs which are implemented on the high resistivity n-type silicon wafers. We have made several wafer runs to optimize the basic characteristics of the devices such as charge transfer efficiency (CTE), full-well and node sensitivities of the amplifiers. The results obtained so far mostly satisfied the specifications imposed by astronomical observations. We also attempted to build back-side illuminated devices to realize high QE in wider wavelength. The test devices shows that the QE exceeds 60% at 1 μm, which is roughly 5 ~ 6 times improvement over ordinary CCDs. We will present the current status of the projects.
The NeXT (New X-ray Telescope) satellite to be launched around 2010, has a large effective area in the 0.1-80 keV band with the use of the multilayer super mirror. As the focal plane detector for NeXT, we have been developing the Wideband hybrid X-ray Imager (WXI) consisting of X-ray CCDs and a hard X-ray imager placed under X-ray CCDs. The X-ray CCD of WXI is required to (1) keep the high quantum efficiency up to the high energy band and (2) pass hard X-rays unabsorbed in the depletion (sensitive) layer. In order to meet these requirements, we have been developing the back supportless CCD which has the thick depletion layer, thinned Si wafer and back supportless structure. As the first step, we make the test model with thinned Si wafer in order to (1) learn the handling and thinning process and (2) confirm no change of the performance after the thinning process. The test model has the pixel number and size of 512 x 512 and 24 x 24 μm, respectively. We select the thickness of the wafer is about 200 μm considering the thinning process. We verify the depletion layer and the wafer of the test model are about 65 and 190 μm in thickness, respectively. The energy resolution is about 144 eV at 5.9 keV which is substantially comparable to the un-thinned CCD, hence we confirm our thinning process has no effect on the perfomance. In order to reduce the dead layer ompletely and increase the quantum efficiency at the high energy band, we are also developing the full depleted X-ray CCD with the high resistivity N-type Si wafer.
We introduce a near-infrared camera named coronagraph imager with adaptive optics (CIAO) mounted on the Subaru 8m telescope. Combined with the Subaru 36 elements adaptive optics (AO), CIAO can produce nearly diffraction limited image with approximately 0.07 arcsec FWHM at K band and high dynamic range imaging with approximately 10 mag difference at 1 arcsec separation under typical seeing conditions. We have carried out performance tests of imaging without and with coronagraph mask since its first light observation held on 2000 February. Because of limited weather conditions, the performance under best seeing conditions has not been tested yet. At a typical natural seeing condition of 0.4 - 0.8 arcsec, halo component of PSF using 0.2 - 0.8 arcsec mask can be reduced up to 70% comparing with that without mask using AO. Even after correction, residual wave front error has typically 1.2 rad2 which corresponds to the Strehl ratio of approximately 0.3 at K band. Such wave front errors degrades the image quality; this is a common problem of coronagraph on the ground-based telescope with non high-order AO. Nevertheless we emphasize that there are various advantages on our coronagraph: the clean PSF of CIAO, reduction of readout noise, and less effect of detector memory problem. Compared with coronagraphs on smaller telescopes, the PSF shape is sharper and it brings higher detectability of sources around bright objects.
Subaru AO a 36 element Curvature Sensor was developed for the 8.2m Subaru Telescope operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The system is already over one year on sky and now offered for open use observation. During the time from first light to open use we did major changes in software to operate the instrument more easy and efficient and also improved the performance by tuning the control loop. We will discuss the software model and show what we learned and how we managed the crucial points of this implementation. After this we will have a look at how we can improve the system further.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Telescopes, Control systems, Stars, Laser systems engineering, Mirrors, K band, Electrodes, Control systems design, Dye lasers
A 36-elements curvature adaptive optics (AO) system has been operating on the Subaru telescope for about one and a half year. We achieved a Strehl ratio of 0.3 in the K-band, which is a rather smaller value than we expected. While we are investigating the discrepancy between the obtained performance and the simulated performance of the current AO system and we are also improving the current AO system in terms of the Strehl performance and the observing efficiency. Meanwhile we have started to plan a next generation of Subaru AO system. Two major upgrades are proposed in this paper. One is to increase the number of subapertures as much as possible. Practically, the number of subapertures lies between 100 and 200. The size of subaperture becomes half to one-third of that of the current system and we expected that the K-band Strehl ratio will improve to more than 0.6. The first light of the higher order curvature AO system is scheduled for 2004. Another upgrade plan is to use a laser guide star (LGS). A single LGS is projected at the sodium layer with an output power of 4 W. Conceptual designs for the laser system, beam relay system, laser launching telescope and control system have begun. The first test of launching laser from Subaru telescope will be in 2005.
We present an overview of Subaru Cassegrain adaptive optics system and its performance verified at the engineering run. The system is based on a curvature wavefront sensor with 36-element sub-apertures and a bimorph deformable mirror with identical number of elements. We had the first light in Dec. 2000. The AO system has been in service for two instruments, IRCS; infrared camera and spectrograph, and CIAO; coronagraph imager with adaptive optics. The Strehl ratio at the K band is around 0.30 under 0.4- 0.5 arcsec K-band seeing condition for bright guide stars. The sensitivity of the wavefront sensor is so high that we have significant improvement of image quality even for a faint guide star down to R=18th magnitude. The measurement of stars in a globular cluster suggests an isoplanatic angle, about 40 arcsec, wider than that expected from the equivalent turbulence layer assumed at the height of 6.5 km. The system has been offered for common use since Apr. 2002. Some scientific results using this AO system are shown in this paper.
We conducted the aluminization campaign of the primary mirror of the Subaru Telescope in September 2001. This was the third time with the Subaru's coating facility. The witness samples coated at the same time show reflectance above 91% at 500 nm, the highest of the three coating campaigns. We continue to pursue the film which has high reflectance, high adhesion nature to the glass substratum, and durability with little degradation in time. As part of the effort, we started to compare various evaluation methods of the coating films. The emphasis is on the physical property side, using XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). We hope to use the findings to improve our coating processes for the Subaru's mirrors and other mirrors. First thing we confirmed is that three oxidization layers exist in the aluminum coatings itself and between the aluminum and the glass substratum. This is caused by the three stage firing in the Subaru's 9 m chamber. The extent of such layers seems to contribute to the adhesion of the film to the glass. Next, we compared the film produced by the conventional evaporation (using 1.6 m chamber at Mitaka, Tokyo) and by the sputtering (using the Tohoku University equipment). The contamination and defects in the film seem to be responsible for the exfoliation, and the reflectance. We will use these physical property evaluations also to optimize the coating process of other coating materials that is suited for the infrared observations.
An adaptive optics system was developed for the 8.2-m Subaru Telescope operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The system saw first light on 2 December 2000 and achieved diffraction limited imaging in the K- and L- band. The system is located at the Cassegrain focus of Subaru and can feed either IRCS, an infrared camera and spectrograph (used for first light) or CIAO, an infrared coronagraphic imager. The system features a 36-elements curvature sensor using avalanche photo diodes and a 36-electrodes bimorph deformable mirror. The curvature sensor and deformable mirror were custom designed for an optimum match. Wavefront sensing is performed in the visible range while AO-corrected observations are made in the infrared. In this paper the first AO observations are described and the system performances are compared with the design values. A comparison is also made with other existing AO systems. First scientific demonstrations are shown.
We describe the silver coating of 1.3-m secondary nirror being used for infrared observations at Subaru Telescope. This was the first successful in-house runof silve coating on thelarge moern astronimical mirror. Silver was desposited over the chromium bondange layer, using a 1.6-m vacuum coating chamber at the Advanced technology Center of the National Astronomical Obervatoryof Japan in March 1998. The reflectnc eand scatter performnce are measured by micrScan at 670 nm and 1300 nm. Monitor over 17 month shows the silve coated mirror continues to maintain high refleciton.
After the initial coating of the 8.3-m primary mirror of the Subaru Telescope in November 1998, we have conducted the first re-aluminization in August 1999. The primary mirror washing fixture worked efficiently for stripping the old coating and for washing the surface. Dry process is still to be improved. Suite of secondary and tertiary mirrors are being tested at the telescope, two of which were coated in- house, one in silver for the infrared observations and the other in aluminum for the optical observations, respectively. Evaluation of the coating film is conducted in two methods. Using a portable microScan, the reflectivity and the BRDF numbers of the primary mirror is monitored. Reflectivity over a wide range of the wavelength is measured in the witness mirrors. The preliminary data shows reasonably good number for the telescope optics. The in-situ cleaning of the primary mirror with solid and gaseous CO2 sprinkle arms is operating once every month. Next step for the coating chamber commissioning is to improve the heating capacity for silver coating of the infrared secondary and tertiary mirrors, and the experiment for silver coating is going.
Prototype laser guide star system for Subaru telescope has been developed at Communications Research Laboratory (CRL). The laser system comprises two commercially available lasers: a modified continuous wave (CW) dye laser and a 10 W all-solid CW laser of 532 nm wavelength for pumping the dye laser. The natural guide star adaptive optics system for Subaru telescope on Cassegrain focus will be upgraded to a laser guide star adaptive optics system using this laser system. The experiment of transmitting laser beam to the sodium layer is performed at CRL using a 1.5 m telescope. The laser beam is emitted from a 20 cm telescope mounted next to the 1.5 m telescope. A laser guide star is observed by a cooled CCD camera, which is equipped on the Nasmyth platform. We report the preliminary results of the experiment of observing a sodium laser guide star.
The adaptive optics system for Subaru 8.2m telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory Japan has been developed for the Cassegrain ear-IR instruments, CIAO and IRCS. The system consists of a wavefront curvature sensor with 36 subaperture photon-counting avalanche photodiode modules and a bimorph deformable mirror with 36 electrodes. The expected Strehl ratio at K band exceeds 0.4 for objects that are located close enough to a bright guide star as faint as R equals 16 mag at the median seeing of 0.45 arcsec at Mauna Kea. The system will be in operation in 1999 as a natural guide star system, and will eventually be upgraded to a laser guide star system in cooperating an IR wavefront tilt sensor to provide nearly full sky. The construction of this common use system to Subaru telescope is now underway in our laboratory in Tokyo. Prior to starting the fabrication of this common use system, a full size prototype system was constructed and tested with the 1.6 m IR telescope at our observatory in Tokyo. This system has the identical optical design, deformable mirror, loop control computer to those for the Subaru system, while the wavefront sensing detectors were less-sensitive analog APDs. We succeeded in getting closed loop images of stars in K band with diffraction limited core. The Strehl ratio was around 0.5 and the factor of improvement was about 20 at K-band under the average seeing of 2 arcsec during the observation. The loop sped of the system was 2 K corrections per second.
One of the major problems to retain the efficiency of a telescope is to achieve and maintain high reflectivity in the wide wavelengths of the coatings of the telescope optics. For coating the large mirrors of Subaru Telescope, we employed the conventional evaporation scheme, in the expectation of uniform coverage of the film. In this paper, we will report the installation and the performance verification of the coating facility. This facility consists of a washing tower for stripping off the old coating, an evaporation coating chamber, two trolleys and a scissors- like lifter for handling the primary mirror. To supply a large number of filaments loaded with uniform quality molten metal, the practical solution is to pre-wet the filaments with the agent metal and keep them in a controlled manner before the evaporation. The aluminum film deposit on the test samples in the 8.3 m coating chamber proved the film thickness uniformity matching with the specification. Reflectivity of the fresh surface was over 90% at visible wavelength. In September 1997, we re-aluminized 1.6 m and 1.3 m mirrors for the first time (at least for ourselves) application to the real astronomical telescopes. The resultant surface reflectivity confirmed the feasibility of using pre-wetted filaments.
We have conducted a series of coating experiments using the newly installed 1.6 m evaporation chamber at the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. The main task of this chamber is to re-aluminize the 1.6 m mirror of the Infrared Simulator at the ATC. The design concept of the 1.6 m chamber is basically the same with the 8.3 m coating facility for Subaru Telescope. Therefore, we could utilize this chamber to evaluate the fundamental performance of the larger chamber. The extensive coating experiments were done in the spring, autumn of 1996, and autumn of 1997. Reduction of the number of the filaments has lead to the increase in their size, which caused difficulty in the annealing process. Attempts are focused on securing the sufficient metal loads on the filaments. Then the filaments are fired to measure the spray pattern of a single filament exposure, or the uniformity pattern resulted from the full setup of filament arrays. Using small slide glasses, the important parameters of the resultant reflecting film that are the thickness, the uniformity of the thickness, and the spectroscopic reflectance are measured. The absolute value of the reflectivity is estimated to be around 91% immediately after opening the chamber. In order to cover a wide range of observing wavelengths for the Infrared Simulator, and eventually for the optical-IR Subaru Telescope, it is necessary to seek after a higher evaporation rate with these chambers.
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