We propose a compact Terahertz (THz) wave broadband reflector based on the effect of guided mode resonance in photonic crystal slabs. The photonic crystal slabs consist of a square array of circular air holes in silicon. A novel method based on a map of localized bandwidth with defined reflectivity is introduced to analyze the impact of normalized thickness and hole size. The rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) technique is then applied to analyze its performance. The numerical simulations show that the proposed configuration can offer a broadband frequency range from 2.27THz to 2.89THz with beyond 95% reflectivity.
We report the impact of the pattern layout on the performance of Fano broadband reflectors based on 2D photonic
crystals (PCs) on silicon-on-insulator. Two representative PC patterns including hexagonal and square are fairly
compared with same buried oxide (BOX) layer thickness and equivalent refractive index of silicon layer by using 3D
FDTD technique. Both red- and blue- spectral shifts are demonstrated with either addition of oxide on top, and/or
selective etching of the BOX below. The hexagonal pattern can offer larger bandwidth with a bit lower reflectance as
compared to square one. Additionally, it is more sensitive to etching thickness.
We report an 1×3 optical drop splitter (ODS) based on a self-collimation ring resonator (SCRR) in a rod-type silicon
photonic crystal. The proposed 1×3 ODS consists of four beam splitters which are formed by changing the radius of one
row of silicon rods. When the self-collimated light with resonance frequency is launched into the ODS, the light beam
can be split into three parts come out from three drop ports while no light coming out from the through port. The splitting
ratio of the three drop beams can be controlled by tuning the radii of the beam splitters. The FDTD method is employed
to calculate the transmission of the 1×3 ODS. For the drop wavelength of 1550 nm, the free spectral range is 28.7 nm,
which almost covers the whole optical communication C-band window. This 1×3 ODS may have applications in
photonic integrated circuits.
A 3-stage structure L-band EDFA is introduced to enhance the poor power conversion efficiency by utilizing the wasted
ASE from the third EDF section and pump bypass in 1-2 stage. The results indicate that the EDFA could provide low-noise,
high-gain and large-flatness ranging from 1570 to 1610 nm.
A drop and split filter (DSF) based on a self-collimation ring resonator (SCRR) in a hole-type photonic crystal is
proposed and demonstrated. The DSF performance was investigated with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
simulation technique. By forming three splitters of the SCRR properly, self-collimation light can come out from two
drop ports equally while no light come out from the through port. For the drop wavelength of 1550nm, the free spectral
range is 29.7nm, which covers the whole optical communication C-band window. This DSF may have applications in
photonic integrated circuits.
We devised a new configuration of optical logic gates based on a single hexagonal-lattice photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR) composed of two-dimensional (2D) cylindrical silicon rods in air. The modal behavior of the proposed logic gates was comprehensively analyzed with a topology optimization technique based on the principle of beam interference and perturbation theory. It was then numerically verified by using a 2D finite-difference time-domain technique. The predictions have a very good agreement with the numerical results. This new single PCRR can really function as NOT and NOR gates. And the logic "0" and "1" of the hexagonal ring can be defined as less than 8% and greater than 86%, respectively, much better than earlier reported square-lattice results.
A tunable drop filter (TDF) based on two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) self-collimation ring resonator (SCRR) is
proposed. The PC consisting of square-lattice air cylinders in silicon has square-shaped equal frequency contours (EFCs)
in the wavevector space at the frequencies between 0.172-0.188c/a for TE modes. The SCRR includes two mirrors and
two splitters. The air holes inside the SCRR are infiltrated with a kind of liquid crystal whose ordinary and
extraordinary refractive indices are 1.522 and 1.706, respectively. The effective refractive index neff of liquid crystal
depends on the applied electric field. Simulated with the FDTD method, the transmission spectra at the drop port of
SCRR are in the shape of sinusoidal curves with uniform peak spacing between 0.172-0.188c/a. Transmission peaks
will shift to the lower frequencies when neff is increased. When neff changes from 1.522 to 1.706, the peaks will
experience red-shift over 0.003c/a. So this SCRR can work as a tunable drop filter. For the operating wavelength
around 1550nm, its dimensions are only tens of microns.
We proposed a new channel drop filter (CDF) based on race-track photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR) composed of
square-lattice cylindrical silicon rods in air. Two representative scenarios, parallel and perpendicular, related to the
direction of race track and bus channel waveguide, are comparably studied by using 2D finite-difference time-domain
technique. A good set of parameters with adequate modal spacing can be determined by adjusting the amount and size
of scatterers. By optimizing the relationship among surrounding periods, race-track ring size and coupling strength,
more than 150 spectral quality factor and 93.9% dropped efficiency can be achieved at 1370-nm channel for one single
race-track PCRR. These findings enhance and enrich the PCRRs as an alternative to current micro-ring resonators for
ultra-compact WDM components and high density photonic integration.
We report a new configuration of logic gates based on single hexagonal-lattice PCRR composed of cylindrical silicon
rods in air. Two types of inner ring including regular hexagonal and circular are numerically discussed by using 2D
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The impact of surrounding periods and scatterers like size and relative
phase at each input port was investigated. The logic '0' and '1' of hexagonal ring can be defined as less than 17% and
greater than 85%, respectively, much better than early reported square-lattice results. The simulation results also proved
that photonic logic gates based on this new single PCRR can really function as NOT and NOR gates, respectively.
These findings make PCRRs potential applications for all-optical logic circuits and ultra-compact high density photonic
integration.
We report direct measurement of spectrally selective absorption properties of PbSe and PbS colloidal quantum
dots (CQDs) in Si nanomembrane photonic crystal cavities on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates.
Enhanced optical absorption was obtained when CQD absorption overlaps with photonic crystal Fano resonances.
On the other hand, no absorption was observed when the Fano resonance has no spectral overlap with the CQD
absorption bands. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results obtained based on 3D FDTD and
RCWA simulation techniques. Measured angular and polarization properties also agree well with Fano resonance
transmission properties, which were obtained experimentally and, theoretically based on simulated dispersion
properties and transmission properties. Bending induced spectral shifts were characterized for potentially flexible
photonic device applications.
Crystalline semiconductor nanomembranes (NMs), which are transferable, stackable, bondable and
manufacturable, offer unprecedented opportunities for unique and novel device applications. We report here
nanophotonic devices based on stacked semiconductor NMs on Si, glass and flexible PET substrates. Photonic
crystal Fano resonance-based surface-normal optical filters and broadband reflectors have been demonstrated with
unique angle and polarization properties. Flexible photodetectors and solar cells have also been developed based on
the NM stacking processes. Such NM stacking process can lead to a paradigm shift on silicon photonic integration
and inorganic flexible photonics.
A new optical channel drop filter configuration was proposed based on two-dimensional (2D) square-lattice 45° photonic
crystal ring resonators (PCRRs). The ring was formed by removing the line defect along ΓM direction instead of
conventional ΓX direction. Its spectral information including transmission intensity, dropped efficiency and quality
factor affected by different configurations like single-ring PCRR and cascaded dual-ring PCRR was numerically
analyzed with 2D finite-difference time-domain technique. More than 830 spectral quality factor and 90% dropped
efficiency can be achieved at 1550-nm channel for one single-ring PCRR. Two different light wavelengths can be
dropped simultaneously for cascaded serial dual-ring PCRR. These findings make the 45° PCRR optical channel drop
filters as an alternative to current micro-ring resonators for ultra-compact WDM components and high density photonic
integration.
A Low-loss Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) constructed in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) is proposed
and investigated. The 2D PhC consists of a square-lattice of cylindrical silicon rods in air. It has flat equal frequency
contours (EFCs) in the frequency range of 0.187-0.201c/a for TM modes. Two same line defects with spacing of d =
21√2 a, which is the physical length of the FP resonant cavity, are introduced in the PhC to form the FPI. The two line
defects have high reflectivity and low transmission. Their transmission is between 20.77% and 40.65% for the selfcollimated
lights with frequencies from 0.187c/a to 0.201c/a and thus they form the two partial reflectors. Lights
propagate in the FPI utilizing self-collimation effect. The transmission spectrum of the FPI has been investigated with
the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The calculation results show that even slight increase of d can cause
peaks shift left to lower frequencies. Through changing the configuration of the reflectors which results in transmission
between 19.97% and 38.77%, the varieties of the sharpness of peaks and the degree of extinction of the frequencies
between the peaks are obviously observed. Free spectral range (FSR) and peaks frequencies of its transmission decrease
when d increases. By raising the reflectivity of the reflectors, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is decreased and
quality (Q) factor of peaks is increased.
A Folded Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) in a two-dimensional photonic crystal is proposed. The FMZI consists
of one splitter and several mirrors. Light propagates between them employing self-collimation effect. Its two interfering
branches have different path lengths. The two complementary transmission spectra at two FMZI output ports are both in
the shape of sinusoidal curves and have a uniform peak spacing in the frequency range from 0.255c/a to 0.270c/a. The
peak spacing becomes smaller when the length difference between the two branches is increased. As self-collimation
light beams can cross each other without coupling, this FMZI is much smaller than non-folded interference-type filters in
photonic crystals. This FMZI may work as a wavelength division demultiplexer in high-density photonic integrated
circuits.
We report theoretical and experimental investigations of infrared absorption characteristics for PbSe colloidal
quantum dots in defect-free photonic crystal (PC) cavities, via Fano resonances. Angle and polarization independent
transmission and absorption are feasible for surface normal incident beams with dispersion engineered modal
design. Experimental demonstration was done on patterned single crystalline silicon nanomembranes (SiNMs)
transferred on glass and on flexible PET substrates, with PbSe QDs backfilled into the air holes of the patterned
SiNMs. These findings enable the design of spectrally selective photodetectors at near infrared regime with the
desired angle and polarization properties.
We here proposed a new kind of ultra-compact filters based on Fano resonances on patterned single crystalline silicon
nanomembranes (SiNM), which were fabricated and transferred onto transparent substrates like PET plastic and glass
substrates, using a wet transfer process. The angular and polarization dependent transmission characteristics of the filter
are experimentally investigated. The filter transmission characteristics are insensitive to the incident angle and
polarization for surface-normal incidence. For other incident angle conditions, the transmission peaks/dips shift,
according to the modal dispersion properties, as verified with the simulated modal dispersion curves. Both surface-normal
and angle-dependent filter transmission measurement results agree well with the numerical simulations.
Infrared photodetectors with spectrally selective response are highly desirable for applications such as hyper-spectral
imaging and gas sensing. Owing to the ability of photonic density of states modification and dispersion engineering,
photonic crystals appear to be one of the most promising platforms for infrared photodetectors with spectrally-selective
absorption enhancement. We report here the latest advances on 1D and 2D dielectric photonic crystal structures for
infrared photodetectors, based on defect mode, bandedge effect and the guided mode resonance/Fano effects. High
spectral selectivity and tunability is feasible with defect mode engineering, making photonic crystal defect cavities a
promising nanophotonic platform for the spectrally selective infrared sensing and hyper-spectral imaging, with the
incorporation of quantum well or quantum dot infrared photodetector heterostructures.
Ultra-compact polymer modulators were proposed and simulated, based on the hybrid integration of functional polymer materials with Si based photonic-crystal ring resonators (PCRRs). The simulations were carried out on device characteristics with an effective ring radius of 2.3 µm and tunable polymer index from 1.785 to 1.805. Investigating the loss, the cavity quality factor Q, and the free spectral range of such PCRRs, we found a 0.02 dB intrinsic loss that is independent of diameter, unlike the loss that varies inversely with diameter in microstrip resonators. Close to 100% drop efficiency at the drop channel of 1557.5 nm was obtained by design with a high spectral selectivity of Q greater than 1319 in the single-ring PCRR-based add-drop filters with ring radius of 1.2 µm.
Ultra-small silicon-based photonic-crystal ring resonators (PCRRs), both passive and active, will be key
contributors to the emerging low-power nanophotonic technology. We have modeled and simulated the
diameter-dependent loss, Q, and FSR of such PCRRs and find a 0.02 dB "intrinsic" loss that is
independent of diameter, unlike the ~1/D loss of micro-strip resonators. Close to 100% drop efficiency at
the drop channel of 1557.5nm was obtained by design with a high spectral selectivity of Q greater than
1319 in the single-ring PCRR-based add-drop filters with ring radius of 1.2 μm. Ultra-compact polymer
modulators were proposed and simulated, based on the hybrid integration of functional polymer materials
with Si based PCRRs, which can lead to high speed modulators, suitable for photonic integration and RF
photonics.
We report spectrally selective IR absorption enhancement in the defect-free photonic crystal cavities, via Fano
resonances. For a symmetric slab structure (air-slab-air membrane) with an absorptive layer in the center of the slab,
enhanced absorption can be observed with enhancement factor ~180 for certain range of r/a values at wavelength of 4
µm. Similar results can also be achieved in an asymmetric slab structure (air-slab-semiconductor substrate), where
higher index substrate is feasible for the proposed IR detectors, with optimized design. This important feature ensures
flexible design for infrared photodetectors incorporating photonic crystal cavities. Detailed simulations were carried out
to understand the design trade-offs on the key parameters, such as the substrate index, the absorption layer thickness,
and the air hole radius.
Significantly enhanced absorption at the defect mode can be obtained at surface-normal direction in a dielectric single-defect photonic-crystal-slab, with an absorption enhancement factor greater than 4,000. Complete absorption suppression within the photonic bandgap region can also be observed in defect-free photonic crystal cavities. High spectral selectivity and tunability is feasible with defect mode engineering, making photonic crystal defect cavities a promising nanophotonic platform for the spectrally selective infrared sensing and hyper-spectral imaging, with the incorporation of quantum well or quantum dot infrared photodetector heterostructures.
We proposed an effective index perturbation method to investigate the intrinsic characteristics of three-dimensional
photonic-crystal-slab based microcavity with two-dimensional numerical simulation tools such as two-dimensional
finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) and plane-wave expansion (2D-PWE) techniques, for reduced computational
requirements and fast design feedback. Less than 2% computational error in predicting cavity spectral locations was
obtained for two widely used single defect and line defect air hole photonic crystal cavities, by adjusting the effective
index to match the dielectric band edge for donor-like defect mode. The correlation between the modified effective
index and the cavity (lasing) mode with the highest quality factor Q offers an efficient tool in the design of defect mode
based photonic crystal microcavities.
In this paper, we present the simulation results on the absorption modification in a two-dimensional photonic
crystal slab (2D PCS) structure, based on three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique (3D FDTD).
Significantly enhanced absorption at defect level was obtained at surface normal direction in a single defect photonic
crystal cavity, for both in-plane and vertical sources. An absorption enhancement factor in the range of 100-6,000 was
obtained under different operation conditions, based on the normalized absorption power spectral density with respect to
the reference slab without photonic crystals. Complete absorption suppression within the photonic bandgap region was
also observed in defect-free cavities. High spectral selectivity and tunability was feasible with defect mode engineering.
In this paper, we present the simulation results on the absorption modification in photonic crystal (PC) structures. For one-dimensional (1D) PC, using transfer matrix method (TMM), we obtained enhanced absorption in both defect-free and defect based PC structures. High absorption (>60%) and small bandwidth (< 0.1 λ0) at defect level were observed with optimal absorption layers of 10-15 for structures with single defect. We also present the modified infrared absorption in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs (2D PCS), based on the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method (3D FDTD). The normalized absorption power spectral density in single defect based 2D PCS structures increased by a factor of 18 at the PC defect mode level. This enhancement factor is largely dependent upon the spectral overlap between the absorption material and the defect mode cavity. Complete absorption suppression within the photonic bandgap region was also observed in defect-free cavities, and in single defect cavities when the absorption spectral band has no overlap with the photonic bandgap.
We propose here a new class of nano-cavity surface-emitting light source on silicon, based on the integration of colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots (NCQDs) and air-hole two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) slab waveguide cavities. A phenomenological dimensional reduction approach (PDRA) has been developed to investigate the characteristics of this class of NCQD-PC lasers. Over one order of magnitude in gain threshold reduction was obtained in single defect PC cavities owing to the spontaneous emission control. Ultra-compact high efficient light source is feasible based on the relative low gain NCQDs, as compared to conventional epitaxial III-V material systems, owing to the relaxed gain threshold requirement in PC cavities. It is also expected such single defect PC cavity based laser to have an optical output power more than 20 μW with cavity size less than 2 μm, making it an attractive source for optical interconnect and sensing applications.
A novel polymer-based switch array using a vertical waveguide structure is introduced to meet the ongoing requirements of smaller and higher integrated optical circuits. The 1×3 and 2×3 electro-optic (EO) switch arrays with the vertical waveguide structure configuration are numerically simulated based on the beam propagation method (BPM). The influences of different parameters including the length of coupler, the distance between the contiguous lower channels, the distance between the contiguous upper channels and the angle of the upper channel on the performance of the switch array are also discussed. The simulation results show that the present configuration can provide better performance on the 2×3 EO switch array.
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