We introduce quantum microscopy by coincidence (QMC) featuring balanced pathlengths, which facilitates super-resolution imaging at the Heisenberg limit, drastically boosting speed and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) compared to existing wide-field quantum imaging methods. QMC uses correlated photons traversing symmetric paths, behaving like a photon with half the wavelength for twice the resolution. It withstands 155 times stronger stray light than classical signals, promising non-destructive bioimaging. Our approach propels quantum imaging to microscopic scale by imaging cancer cells. Experimental and theoretical results endorse this balanced pathlength configuration as a path to quantum-enhanced coincidence imaging at the Heisenberg limit.
The multi-stage Stern–Gerlach experiment conducted by Frisch and Segrè has been modeled analytically using quantum mechanics by Majorana and revised by Rabi by including the hyperfine interaction. However, the closed-form analytical predictions, which rely on approximations, do not match the experimental observation well. To avoid the approximations, we numerically solve the standard quantum mechanical model, via the von Neumann equation, which includes the hyperfine interaction for the time evolution of the spin. The outcome is compared with the experimental observation and the predictions by Majorana, Rabi, and an alternative model called co-quantum dynamics. Thus far, the coefficients of determination from the standard quantum mechanical model, which does not use free parameters, are still below zero. Non-standard variants that improve the match are explored.
The 1922 experiment of Stern and Gerlach that initially provided evidence of the quantization of the angular momentum is now a prototypical example of quantum measurement. Frisch and Segrè in 1932 extended the experiment to include two Stern–Gerlach apparatuses separated by an inner rotation chamber, in which a varying magnetic field produces partial electron spin flipping. To this day, quantum mechanical treatments inadequately predict the experimental observations. Here, we use a theory termed co-quantum dynamics (CQD) to numerically model spin flip in the multi-stage Stern–Gerlach experiment conducted by Frisch and Segrè. Our simulation solves the Schrödinger equation with electron-nuclear interactions according to CQD and utilizes a branching condition (extended Pauli exclusion principle) postulated by CQD to predict the collapse of electron spins; the outcome agrees with the measurements of the fraction of spin flipping and supports CQD as a potential model for electron spin evolution and collapse.
KEYWORDS: Quantum experiments, Modeling, Magnetism, Chemical species, Potassium, Monte Carlo methods, Data modeling, Quantum physics, Quantum phenomena, Quantization
The Stern–Gerlach experiment stands as one of the fundamental demonstrations of quantum phenomena. A successive combination of Stern–Gerlach apparatuses was first explored as a gedankenexperiment by Heisenberg to study angular momentum quantization further; later a detailed experiment was proposed by Einstein to Stern and Ehrenfest. Here, we numerically study the spin flip in the Frisch–Segrè experiment, the first successful multi-stage Stern–Gerlach experiment, within the context of the novel co-quantum dynamics theory. Despite early attempts by P. Güttinger, E. Majorana, I.I. Rabi, L. Landau, C. Zener, and E. Stückelberg among others, theoretical descriptions deviate from the Frisch and Segrè observations. We model the middle stage responsible for spin rotation by sampling the atoms with the Monte Carlo method and solving the dynamics of the electron and nuclear magnetic moments numerically according to the Bloch equation. The simulated dynamics shows that co-quantum dynamics closely reproduces, without using any fitting parameters, the experimental observations reported by Frisch and Segrè in 1933, which have so far lacked theoretical predictions using the standard theories.
Quantum correlation is critical in quantum information applications, and numerous inequalities have been established to quantify the non-classical correlations such as the Bell nonlocality and quantum steering. We introduce an experimental method to map full-domain correlation for nonlocality and quantum steering in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt scenarios. This approach accounts for detection imperfections and simplifies interpretations, answering fundamental questions about nonlocality and quantum steering. Additionally, we illustrate its utility in calibrating an entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocol with arbitrary bipartite states. Our correlation maps offer a direct, straightforward contribution to quantum information applications.
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