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Viewed from space, emissions from lightning appear as a series of brief (~500 μs) optical pulses diffused through clouds over scales of tens to thousands of km2. A significant portion of the emitted optical radiation is in the form of emission lines, including a prominent neutral atomic oxygen triplet whose emission lines are near 777 nm. GLM discriminates lightning flashes from the bright sunlit cloud background by taking advantage of the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of the optical signature of lightning. This paper describes key design drivers in the development of GLM, methods used to calibrate the instrument, and lessons learned from on-orbit testing. We discuss optimization of the entire signal chain, from the telescope optics to the ground processing algorithms. |
CITATIONS
Cited by 3 scholarly publications.
Calibration
Optical filters
Clouds
Satellites
Sensors
Charge-coupled devices
Telescopes
