Immunotherapies hold high promise for the treatment of metastatic cancers. However, as a systemic approach, current immunotherapies have only achieved limited success in clinical studies. A local intervention-based immunotherapy has the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy and to reduce systemic negative side effects of the immunotherapies. Specifically, the local treatment, together with appropriate immunological stimulation can change the tumor microenvironment to potentiate a tumor-specific immunity through the increased quantity and improved quality of tumor-infiltrating T cells. We used local, non-invasive laser irradiation of mammary tumors in a mouse model, followed by local administration of an immunostimulant. The treatment significantly delayed tumor growth and prolonged the animal survival. After the treatment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells were analyzed at the cellular and transcriptional levels. The specific responses of different subsets of immune cells
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