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When imaging an above-water scene from underwater, the water volume in between forms a prism, introducing strong distortion to image even when the water surface is perfectly calm. The above-water scene from the underwater image is analyzed, and a coordinate transformation method based on pinhole camera model is formulated. Two widely used camera configurations are considered and the image rectification results with proposed method are presented.
Ruiwen Zhang,Dahua He, andYapeng Li
"Camera model and image rectification method for imaging through water-air Snell’s window from underwater", Proc. SPIE 11763, Seventh Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications, 1176319 (12 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586270
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Ruiwen Zhang, Dahua He, Yapeng Li, "Camera model and image rectification method for imaging through water-air Snell’s window from underwater," Proc. SPIE 11763, Seventh Symposium on Novel Photoelectronic Detection Technology and Applications, 1176319 (12 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586270