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28 September 2023 Describing the non-volatile memory effect in organic electrochemical transistors
Lukas Bongartz, Matteo Cucchi, Hans Kleemann, Karl Leo
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Proceedings Volume PC12661, Organic and Hybrid Sensors and Bioelectronics XVI; PC1266107 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676340
Event: SPIE Organic Photonics + Electronics, 2023, San Diego, California, United States
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been shown to be excellent building blocks in a variety of applications, from digital and neuromorphic electronics, to in-vivo and in-vitro biomedical devices. Owing to a peculiar switching mechanism based on a redox reaction, the ions of an electrolyte couple with the charge carriers of the active material and unique properties, absent in other types of thin-film transistors, emerge. One such feature is a pronounced switching hysteresis, the application of which is already well known for non-volatile memory elements, but that is not adequately described by any theoretical model so far. Using a solid-state system, we show the hysteresis to be the result of an underlying bistability, and we derive a thermodynamic framework from which its presence emerges naturally. We derive predictions about its dependencies and verify them experimentally by presenting the first systematic temperature dependencies of OECTs as well as that we use the insights to eliminate the hysteresis through deliberate material changes. The model also suggests an anti-Boltzmann dependence of the subthreshold swing under certain conditions, which we have verified experimentally. Finally, we take advantage of the bistability by implementing the OECT as a Schmitt trigger, thus realizing the functionality of a comparable multicomponent circuit through a single device. This work allows us to reinterpret existing data under a new light and paves the way for using OECTs in organic, neuromorphic applications.
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Lukas Bongartz, Matteo Cucchi, Hans Kleemann, and Karl Leo "Describing the non-volatile memory effect in organic electrochemical transistors", Proc. SPIE PC12661, Organic and Hybrid Sensors and Bioelectronics XVI, PC1266107 (28 September 2023); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2676340
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KEYWORDS
Transistors
Biomedical applications
Bistability
Switching
In vitro testing
In vivo imaging
Ions
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