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The retina is an epithelium composed of different cell layers with unique optical properties and detects light by photoreceptor neurons for visual function. The quest for suitable measurement methods to detect the health status of retinal tissues is ongoing. We study the capability of the optical transmission matrix, which fully describes the transition of a light field propagating through a scattering sample. Despite its rich information content, the transmission matrix is commonly just used for light delivery through scattering media. Digital holography is employed to measure the transmitted light. We demonstrate that singular value decomposition of the transmission matrix allows to discriminate phantom tissues with varying scattering coefficient. We apply these findings to retinal organoid tissues. Application of an inducer of retinal damage in animals, caused cell death and structural changes in human retinal organoids, which resulted in distinct changes in the transmission matrix. Our data indicate that the analysis of the transmis-sion matrix can distinguish pathologic changes of the retina towards the development of imag-ing-based biomarkers. Laser microscopy of retinal organoid samples from human induced plu-ripotent stem cells is a disruptive technology that promises paradigm shifts for biomedicine.
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Jürgen W. Czarske, Nektarios Koukourakis, Stefan Rothe, Felix Wagner, Mike Karl, "Understanding neurodegeneration in human organoid retina with optical microscopy," Proc. SPIE PC12144, Biomedical Spectroscopy, Microscopy, and Imaging II, PC121440M (30 May 2022); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2622155