Predicted time-history responses from a finite-element (FE) model provide a baseline map where damage locations are
clustered and classified by extracted damage-sensitive wavelet coefficients such as vertical energy threshold (VET)
positions having large silhouette statistics. Likewise, the measured data from damaged structure are also decomposed
and rearranged according to the most dominant positions of wavelet coefficients. Having projected the coefficients to the
baseline map, the true localization of damage can be identified by investigating the level of closeness between the
measurement and predictions. The statistical confidence of baseline map improves as the number of prediction cases
increases. The simulation results of damage detection in a truss structure show that the approach proposed in this study
can be successfully applied for locating structural damage even in the presence of a considerable amount of process and
measurement noise.
A novel sensor failure detection method is developed in this paper. Sensor failure considered in this paper can be any type of measurement error that is different from the true structural response. The sensors are divided into two groups, sensors that correctly measure the structural responses, are termed as reference sensors, and sensors that may fail to correctly measure the structural responses, are termed as uncertain sensors henceforth. A sensor error function, one for each uncertain sensor, is formulated to detect the corresponding uncertain sensor failure in real-time, using the measurements from reference sensors and the uncertain sensor being monitored. The sensor error function is derived using the indirect and direct approaches. In the indirect approach, the error function is obtained from the state space model in combination with the inverse model and interaction matrix formulation. The input term is eliminated from the error function by applying inverse model and the interaction matrix is applied to eliminate the state and all uncertain sensor measurement terms excepted the examined uncertain sensor from the error function. In the direct approach, the coe±cients of the error function can be directly calculated from the healthy measurement data from the examined uncertain sensor and all reference sensors without having to know the state-space model of the system. Thus the need to know the state-space model of the plant can be bypassed. The sensor failure detection formulations are investigated numerically using a four degree-of-freedom spring-mass-damper system and experimentally using a 4m long NASA 8-bay truss structure. It is shown by means of numerical and experimental results that the developed sensor failure formulations correctly detect the instants of sensor failure and can be implemented in real structural systems for sensor failure detection.
Single layer of aluminum film was sputter deposited on to (100) oriented 4 inch silicon wafer to study effect of film thickness, D.C. power and sputtering gas pressure on the film stress. The as-deposited stress appeared to be increasing as film thickness increases and argon pressure decreases. Thermal stress originated from difference in CTE and temperature variation during and after sputtering seems to be a main factor in room temperature sputter deposited aluminum films. From observation of temperature-stress behavior, it was found that the pure aluminum film has an elastic modulus of 56GPA and compressive yield strength of -100MPA. The yield strength was improved to about -175MPA by alloying with 3wt.%Ti. Titanium alloying also proved to be useful in extending linear elastic region before plastic deformation occurs. However, it was hard to determine the stress level with buckling phenomena of ring/beam microstructures because of imperfections such as stress gradient and thermal deformation. In stead, those diagnostic microstructures could be applied to give an information on whether a plastic deformation was introduced or not in a structure of specific dimension.
The insertion loss is highly affected by the optical path length for 2D or matrix type free space optical switch. Since the v-groove width of conventional Si optical bench is more than 25% larger than the diameter of lens, it is almost impossible to make the optical bench that has the smaller lens pitch than its diameter. In addition, owing to 'convex corner effect', the completed optical bench has the different etched pattern than expected which also makes it difficult to align the optical components. In this paper, novel design and fabrication of Si optical bench is proposed to solve these problems. We arranged the lenses meanderingly so the lens pitch could be shortened remarkably. New method to make perfect optical bench by wet etch and deep RIE process is also proposed. To compare the simulation result with the experimental one, we made the in-line type optical bench. Its maximum optical path is about 38 mm which is the same as that of the proposed 16x16 free space optical switch. From the optical simulation, the insertion loss is less than 2 dB and it agrees with the measured value within the experimental error.
This paper develops and demonstrates performance analysis of vibration suppression and damage detection control laws on structures with fatigue cracks. State feedback control laws for the individual tasks of vibration suppression and autonomous damage detection are designed based on low-order models of a damaged structure. These control laws are applied to finite-element models of structures with through-surface and surface cracks. The analysis ascertains the ability of feedback control to enhance sensitivity of modal frequency shifts due to realistic damage and the potential for using the same sensors and actuators for implementing vibration damping control laws that are insensitive to damage. In the control model, damage consists of simple reductions in thickness over a small area of the structure. Finite-element models to which control laws are applied are developed using commercial software (ABAQUS) that more accurately models the crack by releasing element connections or by using line spring elements. Results show that feedback control laws can be designed for either crack detection or vibration suppression using identical hardware. In addition, we demonstrate that simple models of damaged structures are suitable for designing control laws for detecting more complex damage conditions, and we demonstrate the use of commercial software for model-based simulation of controlled structures.
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