A novel ultra-wideband polarization beam splitter (PBS) with dual-core conjoined tube negative curvature fiber (DC-CTNCF) is studied and proposed. By introducing a double conjoined tube in the x-direction, the extra loss caused by inter-tube coupling and vibration can be reduced, and the crosstalk effect between adjacent tubes can be suppressed, which in turn improves the performance and stability of the DC-CTNCF PBS. By optimizing the fiber structural parameters, the DC-CTNCF PBS with a length of only 5.03 mm achieves an ultra-wide bandwidth of 590 nm in the wavelength range of 1.44 to 1.99 μm, and the ratio of the loss of the higher-order modes (HOM) to the fundamental mode is larger than 100 in the corresponding wavelength range, indicating that the PBS has excellent single-mode properties. The DC-CTNCF PBS represents a significant improvement in the fields of fiber optic communications and fiber optic sensing, as it surpasses the length limitation of current PBS designs and increases the coupling length by an order of magnitude.
With the continuous development of optical fiber sensing technology, the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excited by the LP0,1 mode has attracted extensive attention. In this work, an SPR PCF excited by the HE1,1 mode is designed and the various structural parameters are optimized from the perspective of the wavelength sensitivity. The phase matching, mode field distribution, wavelength sensitivity, amplitude sensitivity, structural parameter sensitivity, and figure of merit (FOM) of the PCF-SPR sensor are systematically and comprehensively analyzed numerical by the finite element method and the characteristics are compared to those of representative PCF sensors reported in recent years. The highest wavelength sensitivity of the PCF-SPR sensor is 25,800 nm / RIU, resolution is 3.87 × 10 − 6 RIU, and FOM is 289.83 RIU − 1. The excellent sensing properties suggest that the sensor has immense potential in petroleum logging, geological exploration, and other applications.
A dual-core D-shape photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and analyzed numerically by the finite element method employing the perfectly matched layer boundary conditions. The resonance peaks shift as the analyte refractive indexes are varied. An average sensitivity of 17,200 nm / RIU is achieved in the RI range between 1.40 and 1.44 and the corresponding resolution is 5.8 × 10 − 6 RIU. The various factors affecting the sensing properties are assessed and in particular, the combined effects of two variables are evaluated.
A simple ring-structured photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is designed to support the stable propagation of multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. The PCF is numerically analyzed and optimized by the finite element method. The results show that the number of OAM modes supported by the PCF reaches 166 in the wavelength range of 1.4 to 1.7 μm. Meanwhile, the confinement loss of the OAM modes is lower than 10 − 8 dB / m, and the smallest dispersion variation is 12.7 ps / ( km · nm ) . Moreover, the mode quality of all of the eigenmodes is higher than 94.1%, and the nonlinear coefficient is lower than 0.7 w − 1 / km. The simple PCF structure with excellent properties has immense application prospects in high-capacity OAM communication.
A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with an SSK2 dense crown glass ring is designed and analyzed. After optimization of the radius of the central air hole and thickness of the annular region, 394 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in the range of 1.48 to 1.62 μm can be transmitted stably. The effective refractive index, effective index difference, dispersion, effective mode area, nonlinear coefficient, numerical aperture (NA), mode quality, and confinement loss are analyzed numerically by the finite element method. The results show that the effective index difference of all the OAM modes is greater than 1 × 10 − 4 and they can propagate stably in the PCF. Besides, the fiber shows flat dispersion with a minimum variation of 8.55 ps / ( km · nm ) , very small nonlinear coefficient of less than 0.232 W − 1 · km − 1, as well as high mode quality bigger than 94.57%. This high-performance PCF has immense application potential in optical fiber communication.
A dual-core photonic crystal fiber polarization beam splitter filled with salt water in the central ellipse is designed and optimized by the full-vector finite element method. For a polarization beam splitter length of 31.1245 μm, the orthogonally polarized light with a bandwidth of 180 nm around 1.55 μm can be separated effectively and the extinction ratio (ER) is 139.88 dB. The photonic crystal fiber polarization beam splitter offers advantages such as the short length, high ER, and broadband characteristics and have large potential in optical communication.
Circular photonic crystal fiber consisting of doped amethyst and big and small round air holes is designed to support transmission of 118 orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes in the range of 1.2 to 1.65 μm. Numerical analysis by the finite element method (FEM) reveals that the effective index difference of all the modes are larger than 1 × 10 − 4, which can propagate OAM modes stably. The nonlinear coefficient is 0.583 W − 1 km − 1 at 1.55 μm, which is very low and helps to reduce mode coupling. In addition, the confinement loss of the eigenmode is between 10 − 12 and 10 − 8 dB / m. The dispersion is very flat for the low-order mode HE1,1, for which the dispersion variation is just 1.459 ps / ( km nm ) . This fiber has great potential in stable and large-capacity mode propagation in optical communication.
A simple nematic liquid crystal-filled dual-core photonic crystal fiber polarization beam splitter is designed and analyzed by the full-vector finite element method. The length of the polarization beam splitter is 13.3390 μm and the maximum extinction ratio (ER) is 143.49 dB. The bandwidth of ERs greater than 10 dB is 200 nm at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. This simple and easy-to-manufacture structure has great potential in miniaturized communication devices.
A metallic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) filter based on surface plasmon resonance is designed and investigated by the full-vector finite-element method. The inner wall of the air holes in the PCF is coated with gold layers of different thicknesses. The x-polarized and y-polarized confinement losses of the core mode are as high as 1920.36 dB / cm and as low as 3.29 dB / cm at 1310 nm, respectively. For a fiber length of 1000 μm, the crosstalk of the filter is 1665.14 dB at 1310 nm and the available optical bandwidth is 779 nm. The results show that the PCF filter has excellent prospect in optical information processing.
A photonic crystal fiber based on surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) sensing of a silver layer is investigated. The sensor has two advantages: polarization independence and less noble metal consumption. The coupling characteristics and sensing performance of the sensor are numerically investigated by the finite-element method employing the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The optical loss spectrum of the PCF-SPR sensor can be easily tuned by varying the parameters of the structure. The defined amplitude sensitivity is 4398 dB/RIU and spectral sensitivity is 4500 nm/RIU corresponding to resolution of 2.27×10−6 RIU and 2.22×10−5 RIU, respectively.
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