Conventional electrically-stimulating retinal prostheses exhibit low stimulus resolution due to current spread, which precludes high-acuity vision. Optogenetic neuromodulation techniques offer a high stimulus resolution, and are uniquely well-suited to exploit the optical accessibility of the retina. However, such techniques often exhibit a low stimulus response rate, and may risk phototoxic damage during chronic applications. The present study uses combined optogenetic and electrical co-stimulation to reduce the current threshold requirements, thereby limiting current spread. A time delay in the electrical stimulus was found to improve stimulation efficacy, and response probability was increased during co-stimulation at higher pulse train frequencies.
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