The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation atmospheric Cherenkov gamma-ray project. CTAO will be deployed at two sites, one in the Northern and the other in the Southern Hemisphere, containing telescopes of three different sizes for covering different energy domains. The commissioning of the first CTAO Large-sized Telescope (LST-1) is being finalized at the CTAO Northern site. Additional calibration and environmental monitoring instruments such as laser imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) instruments and weather stations will support the telescope operations. The Array Control and Data Acquisition (ACADA) system is the central element for onsite CTAO operations. ACADA controls, supervises, and handles the data generated by the telescopes and the auxiliary instruments. It will drive the efficient planning and execution of observations while handling the several Gb/s camera data generated by each CTAO telescope. The ACADA system contains the CTAO Science Alert Generation Pipeline – a real-time data processing and analysis pipeline, dedicated to the automatic generation of science alert candidates as data are being acquired. These science alerts, together with external alerts arriving from other scientific instruments, will be managed by the Transients Handler (TH) component. The TH informs the Short-term Scheduler of ACADA about interesting science alerts, enabling the modification of ongoing observations at sub-minute timescales. The capacity for such fast reactions – together with the fast movement of CTAO telescopes – makes CTAO an excellent instrument for studying high-impact astronomical transient phenomena. The ACADA software is based on the Alma Common Software (ACS) framework, and written in C++, Java, Python, and Javascript. The first release of the ACADA software, ACADA REL1, was finalized in July 2023, and integrated after a testing campaign with the LST-1 finalized in October 2023. This contribution describes the design and status of the ACADA software system.
The Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) is the next-generation atmospheric Cherenkov gammaray Observatory. CTAO will be constructed on two sites, one array in the Northern and the other in the Southern hemisphere, containing telescopes of three different sizes, for covering different energy domains. To combine and orchestrate the different telescopes and auxiliary instruments (array elements), the Array Control and Data Acquisition (ACADA) system is the central element for the Observatory on-site operations: it controls, supervises, and handles the data generated by the array elements. Considering the criticality of the ACADA system for future Observatory operations, corresponding quality assurance provisions have been made at the different steps of the software development lifecycle, with focus on continuous integration and testing at all levels. To enable higher-level tests of the software deployed on a distributed system, an ACADA test cluster has been set up to facilitate testing and debugging of issues in a more realistic environment. Furthermore, a separate software integration and test cluster has also been established that allows for the off-site testing of the integrated software packages of ACADA and of the corresponding array elements. Here the software integration can be prepared, interfaces and interactions can be tested, and on-site procedures that are required later in the process can be checked beforehand, only limited by the simulation capabilities that are delivered as part of the software packages. Once preparations and testing with the off-site test cluster are completed, the integrated software can be deployed at the target site. The software packages and setup parameters are kept under configuration control at all stages, and deployment steps are documented to ensure that installations are reproducible. This methodology has been applied for the first time in the context of the integration of ACADA with the first CTAO Large-sized Telescope (LST-1) in October 2023.
G. Pühlhofer, M. Barcelo, C. Bauer, B. Bi, J. Catalano, S. Diebold, S. Eschbach, D. Florin, C. Foehr, S. Funk, A. Gadola, F. Garrecht, G. Hermann, I. Jung, O. Kalekin, C. Kalkuhl, T. Kihm, F. Leuschner, A. Mitchell, M. Pfeifer, G. Principe, S. Pürckhauer, O. Reimer, S. Sailer, H. Salzmann, A. Santangelo, M. Scalici, T. Schanz, T. Schwab, U. Straumann, C, Tenzer, A. Vollhardt, F. Werner, D. Wolf
FlashCam is an innovative camera designed for the focal plane instrumentation of Cherenkov telescopes. The concept of the FlashCam trigger and readout system is based on the continuous digitization and digital processing of the photo detector signals on FPGAs, and on a high performance, Ethernet-based front-end readout. Because of the modular design, the electronics that have been developed can serve either photomultiplier tubes or silicon-based photon detectors. In the framework of the CTA (Cherenkov telescope array) project, the FlashCam team has developed a PMT-based camera that is suitable for the medium-sized telescopes. With over 100 Cherenkov telescopes, the CTA observatory will run the most sensitive ground-based telescope systems for TeV gamma-ray astronomy when the two arrays in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere (with three different telescope sizes) will go into operation in the upcoming years.
S. Diebold, M. Barcelo, C. Bauer, S. Bernhard, M. Biegger, M. Capasso, F. Eisenkolb, S. Eschbach, D. Florin, C. Föhr, S. Funk, A. Gadola, F. Garrecht, G. Hermann, I. Jung, O. Kalekin, C. Kalkuhl, J. Kasperek, T. Kihm, R. Lahmann, A. Marszalek, M. Pfeifer, G. Principe, G. Pühlhofer, S. Pürckhauer, P. Rajda, O. Reimer, A. Santangelo, T. Schanz, S. Sailer, T. Schwab, S. Steiner, U. Straumann, C. Tenzer, A. Vollhardt, F. Werner, D. Wolf, K. Zietara
The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the future observatory for ground-based TeV gamma-ray astronomy. At two sites, one in the northern and one in the southern hemisphere, CTA will feature about one hundred telescopes of different size classes in order to significantly improve the sensitivity and energy range with respect to current Cherenkov facilities. FlashCam is a camera system proposed for the medium-sized telescopes of CTA that implements a fully-digital readout and trigger processing, which allows the reconfiguration of the trigger algorithm and the signal shaping. For the mass production of a substantial number of FlashCam cameras, efficient and reliable testing routines have been developed. In this contribution, the concept and the procedures for large-scale testing of the readout electronics are outlined. Additionally, a fast multi-channel pulse generator specifically designed for the functional testing of FlashCam FADC modules setup is presented.
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