Dr. Giordano B. Beretta Profile

Dr. Giordano B. Beretta

SPIE Involvement:

Author | Instructor

Area of Expertise:

color science , electronic imaging , document recognition and retrieval , data science

Websites:

Personal Website

Profile Summary

Giordano Bruno Beretta received his doctorate in computer science from the ETH, Zurich, in 1984 and joined Xerox PARC that year. For his pioneering work in color imaging he received the 1989 Xerox Corporate Research Group Achievement Award. In 1990 he moved on to Canon, where he was involved mainly in strategic planning and intellectual property management, while exercising his technical skills as Canon's Technical Advisor for Color. From 1994 he was with Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, where he contributed to the color fax, digital sender products, digital publishing, commercial print automation, and document management. Last he worked on imaging and machine learning at Samsung Semiconductors.

His skills as a speculative designer have translated into a number of patents and articles in numerical mathematics, human-computer interaction, computational geometry, design automation tools, color science, image communication and encoding, and quantum imaging. He has been a thought leader in developing a common understanding of the Internet's impact on publishing. This has resulted in the consensus that electronic publishing has been replaced by digital publishing. At EI 2001, with Neil Gunther he has been instrumental in developing a benchmarking methodology for contents based image retrieval (CBIR) algorithms over the Internet. In collaboration with Robert Buckley, he has been teaching successful short courses on Color Imaging on the Internet IS&T and SPIE conferences. He has given numerous presentations in Austria, Canada, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Switzerland, and the USA.

A strong believer in the social role of synergies and emergent properties, he is a tireless promoter of young scientists and engineers, helping them in their first professional steps. He is recipient of the IS&T service award in 1998, IS&T senior membership Award in 2000, IS&T fellowship in 2001, SPIE fellowship in 2002 and IS&T Bouman award in 2009. He has been an SPIE member since 1 November 1991.

Publications (25)

Proceedings Article | 25 January 2012 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Harmonious colors: from alchemy to science

Giordano Beretta, Nathan Moroney

Proceedings Volume 8292, 82920I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.915839

KEYWORDS: Data processing, Databases, Clouds, RGB color model, Color vision, Mobile devices, Computing systems, Nomenclature, Data modeling, Solids

Read Abstract +

There is a very long tradition in designing color palettes for various applications, going back to at least the Upanishad. Although color palettes have been influenced by the available colorants, starting with the advent of aniline dyes in the late 1850s there have been few physical limits on the choice of individual colors. This abundance of choices exacerbates the problem of limiting the number of colors in a palette, i.e., in keeping them into a manageable quantity. For example, it is not practical for a car company to offer each model in hundreds of colors. Instead, for each model year a small number of color palettes is offered, each containing the colors for the body, trim, interior, etc. Another example is the fashion industry, where in addition to solid colors there are also patterns, leading to a huge variety of combinations that would be impossible to stock. The traditional solution is that of "color forecasting." Color consultants assess the sentiment or affective state of a target customer class and compare it with new colorants offered by the industry. They assemble a limited color palette, name the colors according to the sentiment, and publish their result. Textile manufacturers will produce fabrics in these colors and fashion designers will design clothes, accessories, and furniture based on these fabrics. Eventually, the media will communicate these forecasts to the consumers, who will be admired by their cohorts when they choose colors from the forecast palette, which by then is widely diffused. The color forecasting business is very labor intensive and difficult, thus for years computer engineers have tried to come up with algorithms to design harmonious color palettes, alas with little commercial success. For example, Johannes Itten's color theory has been implemented many times, but despite Itten's success in the Bauhaus artifacts, the computer tools have been of little utility. Indeed, contrary to the auditory sense, there is no known physiological mechanism sustaining harmony and the term "harmonious" just has the informal meaning of "going well together." We argue that the intellectual flaw resides in the belief that a masterful individual can devise a "perfect methodology" that the engineer can then reduce to practice in a computer program. We suggest that the correct approach is to consider color forecasting as an act of distillation, where a palette is digested from the sentiment of a very large number of people. We describe how this approach can be reduced to an algorithm by replacing the subjective process with a data analytic process.

Proceedings Article | 25 January 2012 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Assessing color reproduction tolerances in commercial print workflow

Giordano Beretta, Eric Hoarau, Sunil Kothari, I-Jong Lin, Jun Zeng

Proceedings Volume 8292, 82920U (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.911899

KEYWORDS: Tolerancing, Printing, Color reproduction, LCDs, CMYK color model, Spectrophotometry, Color vision, Psychophysics, Image quality, RGB color model

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Except for linear devices like CRTs, color transformations from colorimetric specifications to device coordinates are mostly obtained by measuring a set of samples, inverting the table, and looking up values in the table (including interpolation), and mapping the gamut from input to output device. The accuracy of a transformation is determined by reproducing a second set of samples and measuring the reproduction errors. Accuracy as the average predicted perceptual error is then used as a metric for quality. Accuracy and precision are important metrics in commercial print because a print service provider can charge a higher price for more accurate color, or can widen his tolerances when customers prefer cheap prints. The disadvantage of determining tolerances through averaging perceptual errors is that the colors in the sample sets are independent and this is not necessarily a good correlate of print quality as determined through psychophysics studies. Indeed, images consist of color palettes and the main quality factor is not color fidelity but color integrity. For example, if the divergence of the field of error vectors is zero, color constancy is likely to take over and humans will perceive the color reproduction as being of good quality, even if the average error is relatively large. However, if the errors are small but in random directions, the perceived image quality is poor because the relation among colors is altered. We propose a standard practice to determine tolerance based on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FM-100) for the second set and to evaluate the color transpositions-a metric for color integrity-instead of the color differences. The quality metric is then the FM-100 score. There are industry standards for the tolerances of color judges, and the same tolerances and classification can be use for print workflows or its components (e.g., presses, proofers, displays). We generalize this practice to arbitrary perceptually uniform scales tailored to specific applications and present an implementation. In essence, we propose to extend the color discrimination test procedures used to evaluate human observers, to mechanical and electronic color reproduction devices.

Proceedings Article | 26 January 2011 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Is it turquoise + fuchsia = purple or is it turquoise + fuchsia = blue?

Giordano Beretta, Nathan Moroney

Proceedings Volume 7866, 78660H (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.872581

KEYWORDS: Light sources, Nomenclature, Printing, Light, Reflectivity, Calibration, Visualization, Head, Optical filters, Eye

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Proceedings Article | 25 January 2011 Paper

Paper

A parallel error diffusion implementation on a GPU

Yao Zhang, John Recker, Robert Ulichney, Giordano Beretta, Ingeborg Tastl, I-Jong Lin, John Owens

Proceedings Volume 7872, 78720K (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.872616

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Image processing, Diffusion, Matrices, Printing, Digital image processing, Error analysis, Algorithm development, Roads, Parallel processing

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Proceedings Article | 25 January 2011 Paper

Paper

ICC profiles: are we better off without them?

Giordano Beretta, Gary Dispoto, Eric Hoarau, I-Jong Lin, Jun Zeng

Proceedings Volume 7866, 78660R (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.880240

KEYWORDS: Printing, RGB color model, Image quality, Color management, Computer programming, Photography, Scanners, Cameras, Tolerancing, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 January 2010 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Color naming: color scientists do it between Munsell sheets of color

Giordano Beretta, Nathan Moroney

Proceedings Volume 7528, 75280V (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.846957

KEYWORDS: Nomenclature, Associative arrays, Web services, Printing, Colorimetry, Statistical analysis, Clouds, Color vision, Psychophysics, Adaptive optics

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Proceedings Article | 19 January 2010 Paper

Paper

Font rendering on a GPU-based raster image processor

John Recker, Giordano Beretta, I-Jong Lin

Proceedings Volume 7528, 75280A (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.839486

KEYWORDS: Printing, Raster graphics, Imaging systems, Image processing, Carbon dioxide, Data conversion, Human-machine interfaces, Computer architecture, Chemical elements, Color management

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2008 Paper

Paper

Experiments supporting the concept of a g(2)-camera

Dmitri Boiko, Neil Gunther, Maximilian Sergio, Cristiano Niclass, Giordano Beretta, Edoardo Charbon

Proceedings Volume 7092, 709216 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795166

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Photons, Polaritons, Correlation function, Light sources, Lamps, Imaging devices, Cameras, Optical microcavities, Interferometers

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2007 Paper

Paper

Web-based versus controlled environment psychophysics experiments

Silvia Zuffi, Paolo Scala, Carla Brambilla, Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 6494, 649407 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.703926

KEYWORDS: Psychophysics, Visualization, Image quality, Statistical analysis, LCDs, Calibration, Internet, Chemical vapor deposition, Data analysis, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2007 Paper

Paper

Adaptive color artwork

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 6493, 64930L (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.705956

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Graphic arts, Printing, Color vision, RGB color model, Visual system, Roads, Color printing, Photography, Color imaging

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2006 Paper

Paper

Design rules for quantum imaging devices: experimental progress using CMOS single-photon detectors

Edoardo Charbon, Neil Gunther, Dmitri Boiko, Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 6305, 63050M (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.681235

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Imaging devices, Single photon, Quantum communications, Single photon detectors, CMOS technology, Imaging systems, Photodetectors, CMOS sensors, Quantum information

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Proceedings Article | 16 January 2006 Paper

Paper

A color selection tool for the readability of textual information on web pages

Silvia Zuffi, Giordano Beretta, Carla Brambilla

Proceedings Volume 6061, 606108 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.651589

KEYWORDS: Color vision, Chemical vapor deposition, Visualization, Color difference, Curium, Calibration, Color reproduction, Colorimetry, CRTs, RGB color model

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Proceedings Article | 25 August 2005 Paper

Paper

Towards practical design rules for quantum communications and quantum imaging devices

Neil Gunther, Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 5893, 58930W (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.615761

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Interferometers, Particles, Quantum communications, Electrons, Visualization, Imaging devices, Geometrical optics, Mirrors, Quantum computing

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Proceedings Article | 17 January 2005 Paper

Paper

Color aspects of variable data proofing

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 5670, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.592489

KEYWORDS: Printing, Internet, Manufacturing, Color vision, Control systems, Transparency, Visualization, Chemical elements, Nonimpact printing, Calibration

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 2002 Open Access

Open Access

Special Section on Internet Imaging

Giordano Beretta, Raimondo Schettini

JEI, Vol. 11, Issue 04, (October 2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1513561

Proceedings Article | 6 June 2002 Paper

Paper

Trends in color imaging on the Internet

Giordano Beretta, Robert Buckley

Proceedings Volume 4421, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.464620

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Proceedings Article | 27 December 2000 Paper

Paper

Benchmark for image retrieval using distributed systems over the Iinternet: BIRDS-I

Neil Gunther, Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 4311, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.411898

KEYWORDS: Image retrieval, Internet, Databases, Distributed computing, Image processing, Taxonomy, Computing systems, Content based image retrieval, Telecommunications, Systems modeling

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Comparing the performance of CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval) algorithms is difficult. Private data sets are used so it is controversial to compare CBIR algorithms developed by different researchers. Also, the performance of CBIR algorithms is usually measured on an isolated, well- tuned PC or workstation. In a real-world environment, however, the CBIR algorithms would only constitute a minor component among the many interacting components needed to facilitate a useful CBIR application e.g., Web-based applications on the Internet. The Internet, being a shared medium, dramatically changes many of the usual assumptions about measuring CBIR performance. Any CBIR benchmark should be designed form a networked systems standpoint. Networked system benchmarks have been developed for other applications e.g., text retrieval, and relational database management. These benchmarks typically introduce communication overhead because the real systems they model are distributed applications e.g., and airline reservation system. The most common type of distributed computing architecture uses a client/server model. We present our implementation of a client/server CBIR benchmark called BIRDS-I (Benchmark for Image Retrieval using Distributed Systems over the Internet) to measure image retrieval performance over the Internet. The BIRDS-I benchmark has been designed with the trend toward the use of small personalized wireless-internet systems in mind. Web-based CBIR implies the use of heterogeneous image sets and this, in turn, imposes certain constraints on how the images are organized and the type of performance metrics that are applicable. Surprisingly, BIRDS-I only requires controlled human intervention for the compilation of the image collection and none for the generation of ground truth in the measurement of retrieval accuracy. Benchmark image collections need to be evolved incrementally toward the storage of millions of images and that scaleup can only be achieved through the use of computer-incrementally toward the storage of millions of images and that scaleup can only be achieved through the use of computer-aided compilation. Finally, the BIRDS-I scoring metric introduces a tightly optimized image-ranking window, which is important for the future benchmarking of large- scale personalized wireless-internet CBIR systems.

SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 1999 Open Access

Open Access

Guest Editorial: Special Section on Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts

Giordano Beretta, Reiner Eschbach

JEI, Vol. 8, Issue 04, (October 1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.482703

Proceedings Article | 2 January 1998 Paper

Paper

Compressing images for the Internet

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 3300, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.298304

KEYWORDS: Internet, Image compression, Visualization, Computer programming, Quantization, Raster graphics, Image processing, Associative arrays, Chemical elements, Visual system

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Proceedings Article | 2 January 1998 Paper

Paper

Professional portrait studio for amateur digital photography

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 3300, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.298305

KEYWORDS: Lamps, Cameras, Digital cameras, Photography, Tungsten, Light sources, Sensors, Digital photography, Halogens, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 2 January 1998 Paper

Paper

Structure and navigation for electronic publishing

John Tillinghast, Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 3300, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.298307

KEYWORDS: Internet, Binary data, Java, Databases, Compact discs, Wave propagation, Throat, Photography, Image processing, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 3 June 1997 Paper

Paper

Perceptually lossy compression of documents

Giordano Beretta, Vasudev Bhaskaran, Konstantinos Konstantinides, Balas Natarajan

Proceedings Volume 3016, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274505

KEYWORDS: Image compression, Visualization, Quantization, Contrast sensitivity, Image processing, Spatial frequencies, Internet, Binary data, Image quality, Signal processing

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Proceedings Article | 4 April 1997 Paper

Paper

Dynamic exposure control in color scanners

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 3018, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.271623

KEYWORDS: Scanners, Statistical analysis, Diffusers, Sensors, Acquisition tracking and pointing, Photography, Charge-coupled devices, Statistical methods, Lamps, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 4 April 1997 Paper

Paper

Internet's impact on publishing

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 3018, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.271592

KEYWORDS: Printing, Internet, Image processing, Process modeling, Control systems, Color reproduction, Image quality, Image transmission, Databases

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Proceedings Article | 9 May 1994 Paper

Paper

Is color appearance matching necessary?

Giordano Beretta

Proceedings Volume 2171, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.175309

KEYWORDS: Color reproduction, Printing, Color vision, Visualization, Electronic imaging, Colorimetry, Systems modeling, Visual system, Computing systems

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Showing 5 of 25 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (7)

SPIE Conference Volume | 24 January 2011

Parallel Processing for Imaging Applications

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 December 2001

Internet Imaging III

SPIE Conference Volume | 27 December 2000

Internet Imaging II

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 December 1999

Internet Imaging

SPIE Conference Volume | 22 December 1998

Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts IV

Showing 5 of 7 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (10)

Parallel Processing for Imaging Applications

24 January 2011 | San Francisco Airport, California, United States

Electronic Imaging 2005

16 January 2005 | San Jose, United States

Electronic Imaging 2004

18 January 2004 | San Jose, United States

Internet Imaging III

21 January 2002 | San Jose, California, United States

Internet Imaging II

24 January 2001 | San Jose, CA, United States

Showing 5 of 10 Conference Committees

Course Instructor

SC083: Color Imaging on the Internet

The enormous possibilities and widespread connectivity offered by the Internet and the World Wide Web has spawned multiple ways of exchanging and communicating color images. The Internet is an evolving communication system, where uses, technologies, and applications are continuously introduced by a plethora of players. Its functionality, reliability, scaling properties, and performance limits are largely unknown—albeit they span wide gamuts from optic fiber to wireless connections and from game consoles to palmtop devices, etc. To be successful in Internet imaging, users and developers must design systems in a top-down approach. The goal of this short course is to sort out the available standard methods so that attendees will become familiar with the different possibilities for Internet imaging; the trade-offs, issues and dependencies of each; how and when each is used; and their system implications. To this end, we systematically present the standard methods for color encoding, image compression, file formatting, protocols, and applications.

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