We aim to investigate the relation between advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) and thermal infrared (TIR) data with the hydrothermal alteration zones within the hydrothermal field of the caldera of Nisyros volcano in Greece. This is achieved by utilizing clustering on a dataset of five ASTER L1T TIR images spanning the period 2003 to 2007. Each one of these images is converted to temperature images, coregistered, and vegetation masked, creating a five-band ASTER temperature image. In the sequel, probabilistic clustering hypothesis is applied to the five-band vegetation masked ASTER temperature image, subset to the area of the hydrothermal field. The probabilistic clustering algorithm identifies three “thermal” clusters that exhibit a satisfactory degree of agreement with the active hydrothermal alteration field of Nisyros. Each cluster corresponds to a different degree of hydrothermal alteration zone. We show the existence of a middle temperature zone (cluster), which exhibits significant overlap with the middle hydrothermal alteration zone, along with a high-temperature zone and a low-temperature zone. This temperature transition from high-temperature cluster to the middle and gradually to low-temperature cluster for the time-spanning of the data is significant as the hydrothermal field of Nisyros was very active during this period. This finding coincides temporally and spatially with the continuous N–S trending (Lakki rupture).
Shallow water bathymetry is recognized as one of the most fundamental topics in environmental studies, seabed morphology research and management of the coastal zone. The detailed mapping as well as the long-term monitoring of the changes in shallow marine relief is important for the successful completion of coastal construction and environmental projects. In recent years, optical satellite imagery is proving to be a useful tool to determine coastal bathymetry, as it provides a time- and cost- effective solution to water depths estimation. In this paper, the two most popular and successful approaches for bathymetry retrieval, the Lyzenga (1985) linear bathymetry model and the Stumpf et al. (2003) ratio method, have been applied to Worldview-2 satellite imagery, in order to derive the more accurate bathymetric model for the shallow-water region of the Chania Gulf, located in NW Crete Island, Greece. This area is sea-grass free and is dominated by sandy substrate with a few rocky outcrops. The models are implemented over the total study area - no separation in subareas according to the bottom type. The results are compared with echo sounding ground truth depth data. The outcomes of the statistical analysis indicate that the linear model provides increased accuracy than the ratio one over the sandy bottom. On the contrary, in those parts covered by rocky bottoms, none of the two models provided satisfactory results.
The main scope of this study is to investigate the potential correlation between land cover and ground vulnerability over Alexandria city, Egypt. Two different datasets for generating ground deformation and land cover maps were used. Hence, two different approaches were followed, a PSI approach for surface displacement mapping and a supervised classification algorithm for land cover/use mapping.
The interferometric results show a gradual qualitative and quantitative differentiation of ground deformation from East to West of Alexandria government. We selected three regions of interest, in order to compare the obtained interferometric results with the different land cover types. The ground deformation may be resulted due to different geomorphic and geologic factors encompassing the proximity to the active deltaic plain of the Nile River, the expansion of the urban network within arid regions of recent deposits, the urban density increase, and finally the combination of the above mentioned parameters.
Flood disaster is one of the heaviest disasters in the world. It is necessary to monitor and evaluate the flood disaster in order to mitigate the consequences. As floods do not recognize borders, transboundary flood risk management is imperative in shared river basins. Disaster management is highly dependent on early information and requires data from the whole river basin. Based on the hypothesis that the flood events over the same area with same magnitude have almost identical evolution, it is crucial to develop a repository database of historical flood events. This tool, in the case of extended transboundary river basins, could constitute an operational warning system for the downstream area. The utility of SAR images for flood mapping, was demonstrated by previous studies but the SAR systems in orbit were not characterized by high operational capacity. Copernicus system will fill this gap in operational service for risk management, especially during emergency phase. The operational capabilities have been significantly improved by newly available satellite constellation, such as the Sentinel-1A AB mission, which is able to provide systematic acquisitions with a very high temporal resolution in a wide swath coverage. The present study deals with the monitoring of a transboundary flood event in Evros basin. The objective of the study is to create the “migration story” of the flooded areas on the basis of the evolution in time for the event occurred from October 2014 till May 2015. Flood hazard maps will be created, using SAR-based semi-automatic algorithms and then through the synthesis of the related maps in a GIS-system, a spatiotemporal thematic map of the event will be produced. The thematic map combined with TanDEM-X DEM, 12m/pixel spatial resolution, will define the non- affected areas which is a very useful information for the emergency planning and emergency response phases. The Sentinels meet the main requirements to be an effective and suitable operational tool in transboundary flood risk management.
Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (SAR) technology has been enabled to investigate the spatial distribution and
temporal evolution of displacements occurring at the areas due to land subsidence related hazards. Land motion mapping
data, produced by hybrid interferometric technique (Singular Value Decomposition algorithm) and PSI (Persistent
Scatterer Interferometry) analysis, revealed vertical displacements affecting the Thriassio basin and the region of
Moschato. The outcomes of these techniques provided important information about the spatial extent and time series of
the surface deformation that should be evaluated considering the geological, hydrogeological, morphological and
tectonic settings of the areas to assess land subsidence hazard mechanism.
Monitoring dam performance is a critical parameter in maintaining a safe dam. Safety concerns include seepage, internal erosion, and seismic issues in the case that the dam is located in high seismic hazard areas. Seismic considerations for dam safety among others includes the expected dam’s performance during seismic events. The scope of this research work concerns the capability to record potential deformation on the Mornos earth dam (central Greece) induced by major earthquake events that occurred in the broader area. For this purpose, a hybrid interferometry synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) method was applied using elements of conventional differential InSAR, short baseline interferometry approaches, and persistent scatterers interferometry. A time series of ascending and descending acquisitions of active microwave instrument/ERS-1 and 2 and advanced synthetic aperture radar/ENVISAT scenes covering the period from 1993 to 2010 were interferometrically combined. Five very strong seismic events with epicenters close to the dam, at the same period, were considered as potential sources of deformation. The lake’s water surface elevation was also considered as an additional factor of induced deformation. Results show a maximum deformation rate of ∼10 cm along the line of sight for the whole period. Although the observed deformation appears to be due to changes in water level following a particular pattern, this is interrupted over time, and these interruptions coincide in time with specific seismic events.
The aim of the present study is to monitor by means of multitemporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry the stability of the fully suspended cable-stayed Rio-Antirio Bridge (RAB) as well as the ground deformation of its surrounding area. The bridge is located in a region characterized by high hazard susceptibility, therefore, the monitoring of its behavior is of significant interest to mitigate potential risks. Envisat ASAR descending and TerraSAR-X ascending acquisitions were exploited using the persistent scatterer interferometry technique covering the periods 2002 to 2010 and 2010 to 2012, respectively. For both periods, ground displacement rates ranging from −12 to +12 mm/year indicate the absence of a significant deformation source acting during the period of investigation. Of interest is the differential motion pattern between Rio and Antirio for both SAR geometries, signifying the contribution of horizontal motion components, meanwhile allowing the quantification of the relative vertical displacement rates of these regions. For the RAB infrastructure, displacement histories were obtained from TerraSAR-X data analysis only for the stable part of the bridge, namely the viaducts and the four pylons, possibly due to the oscillation of its suspended part and the uncertainty of phase measurements over the pavement. The common behavior of the pylons was confirmed with an overall subsidence between −2 and −3 mm/year. The highest rates were observed for pylons established on specific soil types and were attributed to sediment consolidation.
Sharm El-Shiekh area is located in the most southern part of Sinai Peninsula boarded by the Gulf of Suez to the west and
by the Gulf of Aqaba to the east.
The present study concerns the application of Multibaseline/Stacking Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) in
order to monitor ground deformation rates in the southern part of Sharm El-Shiekh area. The specific technique was
applied in order to reduce the influence of atmospheric effects on ground deformation estimates. For this purpose a total
number of 24 ENVISAT ASAR scenes covering the period between 2002 and 2008 were processed and analysed.
Interferometric results show both patterns of uplift and downlift in the study area. Specifically an area along the coastline
with a N-S direction, corresponding to the build up zone of Sharm El-Shiekh, shows average annual subsidence rates
between -5 and -7 mm/yr along the line of sight (LOS). On the contrary, Sharm El Maya, an inner zone parallel to the
above subsided area, shows slant range uplift of around 5 mm/yr. The obtained results of SAR inteferometry probably
indicate the presence of an active fault that affects the coastal zones of Sharm El-Shiekh area.
In the present study coherence observations, in relation to the land-cover type, obtained using 20 C-band ERS SAR
Single Look Complex (SLC) VV-polarization images acquired in descending mode over the metropolitan area of Athens
covering the period 1992-1999 are presented. A straightforward approach using a single master SAR image on which
the other images are mapped was adopted ensuring perfect registration of the interferometric results. After generating
single coherence images, with temporal separation varying between 138 and 1335 days, an averaging procedure followed
leading to the average coherence image. In order to identify and statistically interpret the properties of selected land
cover types in terms of average degree of coherence, very high resolution QuickBird imagery was downloaded from
Google Earth environment.
The final geocoding of the average coherence image has been improved using common features in the coherence image
and the very high-resolution QuickBird image. Overlay of coherence product on the QuickBird image allows correlating
the level of coherence with characteristics and properties of the urban shell. As urban areas are considered of high
coherence, observations of this type permit to investigate and evaluate their phase stability in details.
Policy and decision making in the context of sustainable development requires rapid, effective and efficient access to and integration of appropriate current information from a wide range of sources, including land cover changes information derived from remotely sensed data. Geomorphic factors, such as altitude, slope, aspect and lithology presented in the area comprise the main parameters, including the climate, influencing the distribution of land cover. The use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) allows further spatial analysis of the data derived from remotely sensed images and digital terrain spatial models, and analysis of the impact of land cover change on regional sustainable development. The remotely sensing data used in this study was Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ images. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Selective Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) techniques were applied to detect land cover change and especially vegetation changes from multitemporal satellite data. The area under study is the basin of River Sperchios, which covers an area of some 1.780 km2, is approximately 60-80 km long, 20-30 km wide with its southern and western flanks characterized by high elevations and steep slopes, whilst its northern flank presents lower elevations and more gently slopes. The conclusions obtained show that extensive land cover changes has occurred in the last decades as a result of both natural forces and human activities, which has in turn impacted on the regional sustainable development. The results thus provide very useful information to local government for decision making and policy planning.
The Bam earthquake of 26/12/2003 (Mw=6.5) demolished the city of Bam and provoked serious damages in Baravat city, which are located in a tectonic intersection zone in the SE of Iran. The present study focus on Bam earthquake seismotectonic investigations and damages assessment based on Envisat interferometric coherence images. Field observations, SAR magnitude and multitemporal SAR images were also used to support and verify the coherence image interpretation. Concerning the damages assessment the results were very poor in terms of recognition and operational capabilities. On the contrary the used of interferometric coherence image came to be very useful for seismic fault and rupture zones detection. Through this method a hidden fault, a parallel segment of the already known Bam fault, was identified.
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