Augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR-HMDs) based on waveguides (WGs) are compact in size and comfortable to wear. However, conventional WG-type AR-HMD systems commonly project virtual contents onto single fixed focal plane, often leading to a vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). This conflict can result in motion sickness and visual fatigue for the user. To mitigate the VAC, display’s depth of field (DOF) should be expanded. For this, we present a multi-focal lens holographic optical element (HOE)-based WG-type display. The multi-focal lens HOE consists of several spatial focal areas with focal lengths of -30 cm, -60 cm, and -100 cm, respectively. The configuration of HOE can be extended the DOF in AR display, as each area on HOE possesses a different refractive power relative to its recorded focal length. The proposed HOE is fabricated using a photopolymer and interferogram recording technique with photomask patterns. Experimental results demonstrate that the DOF is extended from 30 cm to 100 cm, as indicated by the fact that the virtual contents are spatially focused on different depth positions. In conclusion, we believe that the proposed optical system offers significant benefits in terms of reducing VAC while maintaining a compact form factor.
With epidemics that have frequently occurred in the 21st century, various diagnostic techniques are being actively researched to replace the public diagnosis tool, DNA amplification technique (Poly-chain reaction, PCR). Among antigen readout techniques, SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy), which can find out the structure of a single molecule level, has received considerable attention as an alternative technique for replacing PCR because this can detect strong signals even with low concentration samples – inducing rapid diagnosis. Despite this advantage, it is still challenging to utilize as a public diagnostic tool due to the inconvenience of continuously replacing samples for measuring a large number of samples. In this study, we developed a SERS-based massive testing system that combined an optical switch and Raman spectroscopy, with simplifying the system to improve portability. In the system, 1xN optical switch, the mechanical displacement of input fiber is moved in a bidirectional way, which makes the input fiber shift into the location corresponding to each output fiber – inducing transmission for the light source and Raman signal. Thus, Raman data of testing samples would be automatically collectible without manual labor like changing specimens for testing another specimen, result ing in rapid diagnostic results for massive samples. We demonstrated the validation of our system by measuring Raman signals for SERS tags.
Augmented Reality (AR) has been attracted considerable attention according to the demand for non-face-to-face services. The principle of AR is overlapping a virtual image in the real world. To display a virtual image at a proper position, depth of field is a significant factor. In this paper, we propose a multi-variable focal lens system that can dynamically tune a depth of field. By using a multifocal lens that has several different focal lengths, an image has depth information corresponding to each focal length. A focus tunable lens controls a focused area and magnification to display the appropriate position and size. The proposed system has a huge advantage in form factor and fever issues owing to its simple architecture. In order to verify the feasibility of the system for AR, numerical simulations are performed. The system divides a 2D image into focused and defocused areas. Focused and defocused areas show feasibility that can be tuned by the multifocal lens and focus tunable lens. The results show the depth range from 0.3 m to 2 m (3.3D to 0.5D), which is determined by the design of the system.
In augmented reality (AR), focal accommodation for real objects and augmented imagery is essential for comfortable viewing, and this requires a depth of field (DoF) in AR displays. Wide DoFs have been achieved in various display systems, but these systems are often bulky, highly power-consuming, and computationally complex. Hence, we propose a simple and effective optical method to extend the DoF in AR displays. The proposed method harnesses a focus tuning block consisting of a multifocal lens (MFL) and a focus tunable lens. Through the multi-variable focusing unit, virtual imagery is displayed at spatially separated focal depths using the MFL; then, the focus tunable lens dynamically tunes the foci. This enables the individual virtual objects to be sequentially focused on the same image plane, helping to register them with the real objects in the user’s eye accommodation. The proposed approach was numerically simulated, and its performance was experimentally evaluated with an AR display equipped with the focusing unit, which extended the DoF from 0.3 m (3.3 diopters) to 2 m (0.5 diopters).
We analyzed regular polygonal ring resonators based on multi-mode waveguide using finite-difference time-domain simulation. It consists of the regular polygonal ring waveguide, total internal reflection mirror, and MMI coupler. In general, multi-mode waveguide-based resonator is difficult to use as sensors because of poor output characteristics. By using the low reflectance of the higher-order mode compared to the fundamental mode in the TIR mirror, we designed a regular polygonal ring resonator that can be used as sensors even when a multi-mode waveguide is used instead of a single-mode waveguide. In fabrication, the multi-mode waveguide has a wider line width than the single-mode waveguide, which reduces the process cost and enables mass production. The width and height of the multi-mode waveguide are designed to be 2.5 μm and 2 μm, respectively using SU-8 polymer. The regular hexagon ring resonator shows the highest Q-factor of 1.03×104 among the various regular polygonal ring resonators.
In this paper, we designed hexagonal ring resonator using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon to enhance the sensitivity which is a significant factor in bio-chemical sensors. We used a hexagonal ring resonator structure to eliminate the bending loss which is one of the prime factors affects sensitivity. The sensing area of the hexagonal ring resonator with LSPR is deposited metal nanoparticle on cladding which makes difference with general sensing region of the hexagonal ring resonator. In this sensing region, the wavelength of light should be longer than the size of the nanoparticle because the metal nanoparticle reacts the light in specific condition. The sensitivity of the resonator can be improved with using this phenomenon. We used finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods for theoretical analysis. Also, we optimized the structure to reduce LSPR loss and enhance the sensitivity by adjusting type, size, thickness of the metal nanoparticle. As a simulation result, we verified that sensitivity of hexagonal ring resonator with LSPR can be 2.5 times higher than without LSPR.
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