The COronal Diagnostic EXperiment (CODEX) is the solar coronagraph developed by NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center in collaboration with the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), and the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). CODEX will be launched in September 2024 and will be hosted by the International Space Station (ISS) as an external payload. CODEX is designed to observe the linearly polarized K-corona within the wavelength range 385-440 nm to obtain simultaneous measurements of density, temperature, and radial velocity of the coronal electrons. CODEX is a two-stage externally occulted coronagraph, with a field of view of 2.67 degrees, featuring two fold mirrors, and a series of occulting elements that minimize the amount of diffracted light reaching the detector. The polarization of the solar corona is measured by means of a commercial polarization image sensor manufactured by Sony, the IMX253MZR, that spatially modulates the incoming light beam. The polarimetric characterization of the instrument is one of the fundamental steps to derive the desired physical quantities of the solar corona from observations. It is hence crucial to understand how the instrument modifies the incident polarized light, especially due to the presence of the two fold mirror system within the light path, which is notoriously a source of polarization aberrations. This work describes the polarimetric characterization of the CODEX coronagraph, to determine an estimation of the instrumental polarization, and the results are presented.
The COronal Diagnostic EXperiment (CODEX) is a Heliophysics mission to measure the density, temperature, and velocity of the electrons in the solar corona with the primary goal of improving our understanding of the physical conditions of the solar wind in the acceleration region. The temperature and velocity measurement requires much higher signal-to-noise ratio than the density measurements. In solar coronagraphs, the diffraction of the solar disk light due to the occulting element is the dominant source of noise. Therefore, to further suppress the diffracted sun light with respect to the existing coronagraphs is a critical element of the CODEX design. To minimize the stray light due to diffraction, the selected optical design is a two-stage standard coronagraph with an external occulter, an internal occulter, and a Lyot stop. What is unique for this design is that a focal mask was inserted at the telescope focal plane. It works together with the field lens suppressing the stray light down by ~ another order of magnitude as compared to a traditional three-stage approach. During the optical design, a Fourier Transform based beam propagation software, i.e., GLAD, was used to model the beam path through the full coronagraph, from the external occulter to the detector array. All diffraction sensitive elements: external occulter, internal occulter, focal mask, and Lyot stop were carefully modeled and optimized. As a result, the requirement of achieving a stray light level which is one order of magnitude lower than F-corona was satisfied. On the other hand, to achieve the final suppression, a precision optical alignment is another must. This paper also presents our creative alignment procedure: using the combination of metrology, precision alignment equipment, and real time diffraction ring monitoring to minimize the diffraction. The final test results show that the suppression ratio (B/B0) reaches 10-11 level, which is equivalent to one order of magnitude lower than F-corona.
The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute is working on a project, the Republic of Korea Imaging Test System shortly called ROKITS, which is an optical system that aims to study the formation and occurrence of the aurora. The main objective is to gain insights into the changes occurring in the atmosphere, particularly the upper atmosphere, due to external energy sources from outside the Earth. Additionally, the system will investigate the feasibility of detecting atmospheric waves, specifically atmospheric gravity waves, which spread from the lower atmosphere. To achieve these scientific goals, 90 degrees of a wide field of view and a very narrow bandwidth of filters in a specific wavelength are required, and this paper will present information on the optical design and related analysis.
This conference presentation was prepared for the Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IX conference at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2022.
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) has been developing the Camera Lens System (CLS) for the Total Solar Eclipse (TSE) observation. In 2016 we have assembled a simple camera system including a camera lens, a polarizer, bandpass filters, and CCD to observe the solar corona during the Total Solar Eclipse in Indonesia. Even we could not obtain the satisfactory result in the observation due to poor environment, we obtained some lessons such as poor image quality due to ghost effect from the lens system. For 2017 TSE observation, we have studied and adapted the compact coronagraph design proposed by NASA. The compact coronagraph design dramatically reduces the volume and weight and can be used for TSE observation without an external occulter which blocks the solar disk. We are in developing another camera system using the compact coronagraph design to test and verify key components including bandpass filter, polarizer, and CCD, and it will be used for the Total Solar Eclipse (TSE) in 2017. We plan to adapt this design for a coronagraph mission in the future. In this report we introduce the progress and current status of the project and focus on optical engineering works including designing, analyzing, testing, and building for the TSE observation.
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