Composites are widely used in advanced mechanical and aerospace structures due to their outstanding material properties. As a major safety concern for composite structures, impact damage may cause severe mechanical property loss and load-bearing capacity decrease. Impact-induced delamination sites are usually hard to be detected. Thus, it is vital to develop a sensitive impact damage imaging and quantification methodology to facilitate the prompt repairmen and replacement of critical structural parts. This study presents a new nonlinear-ultrasonic-based damage detection technique called the phase mirroring technique. Such a technique utilizes the principles of vibro-acoustic modulation (VAM) and breakage of superposition. The paper starts with a 1D numerical model of the Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN) based on the Central Difference Method (CDF) to develop a solid understanding of the mechanism behind the ultrasonic nonlinearity. Thereafter, both harmonic and transient analyses are conducted on a 2D coupled-field finite element model with a simulated delamination area to explore the resonance spectrum of the specimen, providing the guidelines for the frequency choice of the pumping wave. Such selected pumping wave can fully vibrate the specimen and engage the nonlinearity to the maximum extend. Subsequently, the flow of the damage detection technique is presented using a 3D coupled-field transient dynamic finite element model. The impact damage is modeled taking a cone shape to better approximate a practical damage, in which the delamination area and stiffness loss vary with layers. This paper finishes with discussion, concluding remarks, and suggestions for future work.
This paper presents the Scanning Laser Vibrometry (SLV) imaging of fatigue cracks by taking advantage of the nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave scattering and mode conversion phenomena. The investigation starts with the numerical modeling using the Local Interaction Simulation Approach (LISA) to demonstrate the distinctive scattering and mode conversion features at rough fatigue cracks. During the wave crack interactions, nonlinear higher harmonics are generated from Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN). In addition, the microscale rough crack surface condition may introduce mode conversion between the symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes. After the theoretical analysis, SLV experiments are conducted on an aluminum plate, where fatigue cracks are nucleated from a rivet hole. The damage imaging scheme utilizes the post-processing techniques via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), frequency domain filtering, and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to eliminate the linear wave field, leaving only the scattered higher harmonics in the images. In this way, the fatigue cracks can be distinguished from structural features such as rivet holes and stiffeners. This paper finishes with summary, concluding remarks, and suggestions for future work.
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