We present an update on our high optode-density continuous-wave (CW) wearable diffuse optical device for the investigation of hemodynamic responses of locally advanced breast tumors during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The device consists of a rigid-flex substrate with 32 LEDs at two wavelengths and 16 detectors. Measurements on spatially-complex flow phantoms have validated the ability to reconstruct temporal spatial absorption contrast. Preliminary results from a healthy volunteer study (N=4 volunteers) indicate that paced breathing hemodynamics can be quantified in healthy subjects, and initial clinical measurements (N=3) suggest that these hemodynamics may reveal strong tumor contrast in some instances.
Significance: Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) provides in vivo quantification of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO2 and HHb, respectively). These parameters have been shown to be useful for predicting neoadjuvant treatment response in breast cancer patients. However, most DOI devices designed for the breast are nonportable, making frequent longitudinal monitoring during treatment a challenge. Furthermore, hemodynamics related to the respiratory cycle are currently unexplored in the breast and may have prognostic value.
Aim: To design, fabricate, and validate a high optode-density wearable continuous wave diffuse optical probe for the monitoring of breathing hemodynamics in breast tissue.
Approach: The probe has a rigid-flex design with 16 dual-wavelength sources and 16 detectors. Performance was characterized on tissue-simulating phantoms, and validation was performed through flow phantom and cuff occlusion measurements. The breasts of N = 4 healthy volunteers were measured while performing a breathing protocol.
Results: The probe has 512 unique source–detector (S-D) pairs that span S-D separations of 10 to 54 mm. It exhibited good performance characteristics: μa drift of 0.34%/h, μa precision of 0.063%, and mean SNR ≥ 24 dB up to 41 mm S-D separation. Absorption contrast was detected in flow phantoms at depths exceeding 28 mm. A cuff occlusion measurement confirmed the ability of the probe to track expected hemodynamics in vivo. Breast measurements on healthy volunteers during paced breathing revealed median signal-to-motion artifact ratios ranging from 8.1 to 8.7 dB. Median ΔHbO2 and ΔHHb amplitudes ranged from 0.39 to 0.67 μM and 0.08 to 0.12 μM, respectively. Median oxygen saturations at the respiratory rate ranged from 82% to 87%.
Conclusions: A wearable diffuse optical probe has been designed and fabricated for the measurement of breast tissue hemodynamics. This device is capable of quantifying breathing-related hemodynamics in healthy breast tissue.
We present an update on our high optode-density continuous-wave (CW) wearable diffuse optical device for the investigation of hemodynamic responses of locally advanced breast tumors during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The device consists of a rigid-flex substrate with 32 LEDs at two wavelengths and 16 detectors. Measurements during a cuff occlusion indicate that the probe can quantify hemodynamics temporally, and measurements on spatially-complex flow phantoms have validated the ability to reconstruct spatial contrast. A normal volunteer study is currently ongoing, and preliminary results (N=7 volunteers) indicate that paced breathing hemodynamics can be quantified in healthy subjects.
KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Breast, Sensors, Breast cancer, Hemodynamics, Light emitting diodes, Tissues, Biomedical optics, Oxygen, Signal to noise ratio
We present a new continuous-wave wearable diffuse optical probe aimed at investigating the hemodynamic response of locally advanced breast cancer patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy infusions. The system consists of a flexible printed circuit board that supports an array of six dual wavelength surface-mount LED and photodiode pairs. The probe is encased in a soft silicone housing that conforms to natural breast shape. Probe performance was evaluated using tissue-simulating phantoms and in vivo normal volunteer measurements. High SNR (71 dB), low source-detector crosstalk (−60 dB), high measurement precision (0.17%), and good thermal stability (0.22% Vrms/°C) were achieved in phantom studies. A cuff occlusion experiment was performed on the forearm of a healthy volunteer to demonstrate the ability to track rapid hemodynamic changes. Proof-of-principle normal volunteer measurements were taken to demonstrate the ability to collect continuous in vivo breast measurements. This wearable probe is a first of its kind tool to explore prognostic hemodynamic changes during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.
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