Prof. Nicolas S. Holliman Profile

Prof. Nicolas S. Holliman

Research at Kings College London

SPIE Involvement:

Editor | Author

Publications (19)

Proceedings Article | 17 March 2015 Paper

Assessing the benefits of stereoscopic displays to visual search: methodology and initial findings

Hayward Godwin, Nick Holliman, Tamaryn Menneer, Simon Liversedge, Kyle Cave, Nicholas Donnelly

Proceedings Volume 9391, 93910D (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2076047

KEYWORDS: Visualization, Opacity, X-rays, Target detection, Stereoscopic displays, X-ray imaging, Image processing, Databases, Information visualization, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 6 March 2014 Paper

Interlopers 3D: experiences designing a stereoscopic game

James Weaver, Nicolas Holliman

Proceedings Volume 9011, 90110F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2041675

KEYWORDS: Missiles, 3D displays, Reticles, Cameras, Eye, Mechanics, Glasses, Stereoscopic displays, 3D image processing, 3D acquisition

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 March 2014 Open Access

Special Section Guest Editorial: Stereoscopic Displays and Applications

Nicolas Holliman, Takashi Kawai

JEI, Vol. 23, Issue 01, 011001, (March 2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JEI.23.1.011001

KEYWORDS: Stereoscopic displays, LCDs, Autostereoscopic displays, Visualization, Video, Televisions, Optical design, Optical components, Analytical research, Light sources

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 2014 Paper

3D sound and 3D image interactions: a review of audio-visual depth perception

Jonathan Berry, David Roberts, Nicolas Holliman

Proceedings Volume 9014, 901409 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2047771

KEYWORDS: Visualization, 3D displays, Stereoscopic displays, Eye, 3D image processing, Sensors, Visual process modeling, Visual system, Information visualization, Displays

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2013 Paper

Stereoscopic game design and evaluation

Joe Rivett, Nicolas Holliman

Proceedings Volume 8648, 864813 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2008498

KEYWORDS: 3D displays, Visualization, Cameras, OpenGL, Stereoscopic displays, Eye, Brain, Information visualization, Large screens, Stereoscopy

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SPIE Journal Paper | 2 March 2012 Open Access

Stereoscopic Displays and Applications

Neil Dodgson, Nicolas Holliman

JEI, Vol. 21, Issue 1, 011001, (March 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JEI.21.1.011001

KEYWORDS: Stereoscopic displays, 3D displays, 3D image processing, Optical components, Stereoscopy, Algorithm development, 3D vision, Visual system, Visualization, Image processing

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Proceedings Article | 15 February 2011 Paper

Can the perception of depth in stereoscopic images be influenced by 3D sound?

Amy Turner, Jonathan Berry, Nick Holliman

Proceedings Volume 7863, 786307 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871960

KEYWORDS: Visualization, 3D image processing, 3D displays, Ear, Head, Information visualization, Stereoscopic displays, Brain, Virtual reality, Light emitting diodes

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The creation of binocular images for stereoscopic display has benefited from significant research and commercial development in recent years. However, perhaps surprisingly, the effect of adding 3D sound to stereoscopic images has rarely been studied. If auditory depth information can enhance or extend the visual depth experience it could become an important way to extend the limited depth budget on all 3D displays and reduce the potential for fatigue from excessive use of disparity. Objective: As there is limited research in this area our objective was to ask two preliminary questions. First what is the smallest difference in forward depth that can be reliably detected using 3D sound alone? Second does the addition of auditory depth information influence the visual perception of depth in a stereoscopic image? Method: To investigate auditory depth cues we use a simple sound system to test the experimental hypothesis that: participants will perform better than chance at judging the depth differences between two speakers a set distance apart. In our second experiment investigating both auditory and visual depth cues we setup a sound system and a stereoscopic display to test the experimental hypothesis that: participants judge a visual stimulus to be closer if they hear a closer sound when viewing the stimulus. Results: In the auditory depth cue trial every depth difference tested gave significant results demonstrating that the human ear can hear depth differences between physical sources as short as 0.25 m at 1 m. In our trial investigating whether audio information can influence the visual perception of depth we found that participants did report visually perceiving an object to be closer when the sound was played closer to them even though the image depth remained unchanged. Conclusion: The positive results in the two trials show that we can hear small differences in forward depth between sound sources and suggest that it could be practical to extend the apparent depth in a stereoscopic image by using 3D sound, providing a controlled way to compensate for the depth budget limits on 3D displays.

Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Cosmic origins: experiences making a stereoscopic 3D movie

Nick Holliman

Proceedings Volume 7524, 75240C (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.840957

KEYWORDS: Galactic astronomy, 3D displays, Sun, Projection systems, Glasses, Visualization, Eye, Cameras, 3D acquisition, Switches

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Context: Stereoscopic 3D movies are gaining rapid acceptance commercially. In addition our previous experience with the short 3D movie "Cosmic Cookery" showed that there is great public interest in the presentation of cosmology research using this medium. Objective: The objective of the work reported in this paper was to create a three-dimensional stereoscopic movie describing the life of the Milky way galaxy. This was a technical and artistic exercise to take observed and simulated data from leading scientists and produce a short (six minute) movie that describes how the Milky Way was created and what happens in its future. The initial target audience was the visitors to the Royal Society's 2009 Summer Science Exhibition in central London, UK. The movie is also intended to become a presentation tool for scientists and educators following the exhibition. Apparatus: The presentation and playback systems used consisted of off-the shelf devices and software. The display platform for the Royal Society presentation was a RealD LP Pro switch used with a DLP projector to rear project a 4 metre diagonal image. The LP Pro enables the use of cheap disposable linearly polarising glasses so that the high turnover rate of the audience (every ten minutes at peak times) could be sustained without needing delays to clean the glasses. The playback system was a high speed PC with an external 8Tb RAID driving the projectors at 30Hz per eye, the Lightspeed DepthQ software was used to decode and generate the video stream. Results: A wide range of tools were used to render the image sequences, ranging from commercial to custom software. Each tool was able to produce a stream of 1080p images in stereo at 30fps. None of the rendering tools used allowed precise calibration of the stereo effect at render time and therefore all sequences were tuned extensively in a trial and error process until the stereo effect was acceptable and supported a comfortable viewing experience. Conclusion: We conclude that it is feasible to produce high quality 3D movies using off-the shelf equipment if care is taken to control the stereoscopic quality throughout the production process.

Proceedings Article | 19 February 2009 Paper

Binocular coordination in response to stereoscopic stimuli

Simon Liversedge, Nicolas Holliman, Hazel Blythe

Proceedings Volume 7237, 72370M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.807251

KEYWORDS: Eye, Visualization, Light emitting diodes, Calibration, 3D acquisition, Information visualization, Visual system, 3D displays, Photography, Camera shutters

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Proceedings Article | 18 February 2009 Paper

Using mental rotation to evaluate the benefits of stereoscopic displays

Y. Aitsiselmi, N. Holliman

Proceedings Volume 7237, 72370Q (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.824527

KEYWORDS: Stereoscopic displays, Cell phones, 3D displays, Eye, Error analysis, Glasses, 3D image processing, Camera shutters, Statistical analysis, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 18 February 2009 Paper

Evaluating methods for controlling depth perception in stereoscopic cinematography

Geng Sun, Nick Holliman

Proceedings Volume 7237, 72370I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.807136

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Cinematography, Video, Visualization, 3D displays, Stereoscopic displays, Eye, 3D vision, Stereoscopy, 3D image processing

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Existing stereoscopic imaging algorithms can create static stereoscopic images with perceived depth control function to ensure a compelling 3D viewing experience without visual discomfort. However, current algorithms do not normally support standard Cinematic Storytelling techniques. These techniques, such as object movement, camera motion, and zooming, can result in dynamic scene depth change within and between a series of frames (shots) in stereoscopic cinematography. In this study, we empirically evaluate the following three types of stereoscopic imaging approaches that aim to address this problem. (1) Real-Eye Configuration: set camera separation equal to the nominal human eye interpupillary distance. The perceived depth on the display is identical to the scene depth without any distortion. (2) Mapping Algorithm: map the scene depth to a predefined range on the display to avoid excessive perceived depth. A new method that dynamically adjusts the depth mapping from scene space to display space is presented in addition to an existing fixed depth mapping method. (3) Depth of Field Simulation: apply Depth of Field (DOF) blur effect to stereoscopic images. Only objects that are inside the DOF are viewed in full sharpness. Objects that are far away from the focus plane are blurred. We performed a human-based trial using the ITU-R BT.500-11 Recommendation to compare the depth quality of stereoscopic video sequences generated by the above-mentioned imaging methods. Our results indicate that viewers' practical 3D viewing volumes are different for individual stereoscopic displays and viewers can cope with much larger perceived depth range in viewing stereoscopic cinematography in comparison to static stereoscopic images. Our new dynamic depth mapping method does have an advantage over the fixed depth mapping method in controlling stereo depth perception. The DOF blur effect does not provide the expected improvement for perceived depth quality control in 3D cinematography. We anticipate the results will be of particular interest to 3D filmmaking and real time computer games.

Proceedings Article | 29 February 2008 Paper

Stereoscopic image quality metrics and compression

Paul Gorley, Nick Holliman

Proceedings Volume 6803, 680305 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.763530

KEYWORDS: Image compression, Image quality, Signal to noise ratio, Spatial frequencies, Visualization, Visual process modeling, Visual system, Error analysis, Quality measurement, Image analysis

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2007 Paper

An application driven comparison of depth perception on desktop 3D displays

Nick Holliman, Barbara Froner, Simon Liversedge

Proceedings Volume 6490, 64900H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.706275

KEYWORDS: 3D displays, Image resolution, Glasses, Camera shutters, Diffusion tensor imaging, Optical resolution, Stereoscopic displays, Eye, Visualization, LCDs

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Proceedings Article | 27 January 2006 Paper

Cosmic cookery: making a stereoscopic 3D animated movie

Nick Holliman, Carlton Baugh, Carlos Frenk, Adrian Jenkins, Barbara Froner, Djamel Hassaine, John Helly, Nigel Metcalfe, Takashi Okamoto

Proceedings Volume 6055, 605505 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.646644

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Galactic astronomy, Visualization, Stereoscopic cameras, 3D displays, Image processing, Image compression, 3D image processing, Image resolution, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2005 Paper

Smoothing region boundaries in variable depth mapping for real-time stereoscopic images

Nicolas Holliman

Proceedings Volume 5664, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.586712

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Visualization, OpenGL, Stereoscopic cameras, 3D displays, Detection and tracking algorithms, Algorithm development, Optical spheres, Image quality, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2004 Paper

Mapping perceived depth to regions of interest in stereoscopic images

Nicolas Holliman

Proceedings Volume 5291, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.525853

KEYWORDS: Cameras, 3D displays, Image quality, Stereoscopic displays, Detection and tracking algorithms, Visualization, Computer graphics, Eye, Stereoscopic cameras, Associative arrays

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Proceedings Article | 22 June 2001 Paper

Controlling perceived depth in stereoscopic images

Graham Jones, Delman Lee, Nicolas Holliman, David Ezra

Proceedings Volume 4297, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.430855

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Distortion, Stereoscopic displays, Control systems, Eye, OpenGL, Head, Stereoscopic cameras, LCDs, Visualization

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 1997 Paper

Observer-tracking autostereoscopic 3D display systems

Graham Woodgate, David Ezra, Jonathan Harrold, Nicolas Holliman, Graham Jones, Richard Moseley

Proceedings Volume 3012, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274457

KEYWORDS: LCDs, Eye, Flat panel displays, 3D displays, Image quality, Autostereoscopic displays, Micro optics, Displays, Fiber optic illuminators, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 30 March 1995 Paper

New autostereoscopic display system

David Ezra, Graham Woodgate, Basil Omar, Nicolas Holliman, Jonathan Harrold, Larry Shapiro

Proceedings Volume 2409, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.205873

KEYWORDS: LCDs, 3D displays, 3D image processing, Video, Image quality, Autostereoscopic displays, Visualization, Image resolution, Fiber optic illuminators, Glasses

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