Successful 112 GBit/s PDM-CSRZ-DQPSK transmission with coherent detection and digital electronic DSP post
processing is reported over a 1730 km SSMF plus 300 km DCF field installed DWDM-system. A modular network
approach with co-propagating 10 GBit/s WDM-channels is achieved.
In this article we present a summary of the latest 100 Gbps field trials in the network of Deutsche Telekom AG with
industry partners. We cover a brown field approach as alien wavelength on existing systems, a green field high speed
overlay network approach and a high speed interface router-router coupling.
This paper investigates serial 100 Gbit/s PM-RZ-DQPSK transmission in the presence of perturbations from neighboring
10 Gbit/s NRZ, 40 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK, and 40 Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK DWDM channels. It addresses the need to outline
upgrade paths of current hybrid DWDM systems equipped with 10 and 40 Gbit/s line cards towards 100 Gbit/s for
remaining channels. A numerical simulation approach is used to evaluate the signal quality of the central probe for
various DWDM channel constellations and power levels.
Due to the doubling of the internet traffic every twelve month and upgrading existing optical metro-, regio- and long haul
transport networks, the migration from existing networks toward high speed optical networks with channel data rates up
to 100 Gbit/s/λ is one of the most important questions today and in the near future. Current WDM Systems in photonic
networks are commonly operated at linerates of 2.5 and 10 Gbit/s/λ and major carriers already started the deployment of
40 Gbit/s/λ services. Due to the inherent increase of the bandwidth per channel, limitations due to linear and non-linear
transmission impairments become stronger resulting in a highly increased complexity of link engineering, potentially
increasing the operational expenditures (OPEX). Researchers, system vendors and -operators focus on investigations,
targeting the relaxation of constraints for 100 Gbit/s transmission to find the most efficient upgrade strategies.
The approaches towards increased robustness against signal distortions are the transmission of the 100 Gbit/s data signals
via multiple fibers, wavelength, subcarriers or the introduction of more advanced modulation formats. Different
modulation schemes and reduced baud rates show strongly different optical WDM transmission characteristics. The
choice of the appropriate format does not only depend on the technical requirements, but also on economical
considerations as an increased transmitter- and receiver-complexity will drive the transponder price.
This article presents investigations on different approaches for the upgrade of existing metro-/ regio and long haul
transport networks. The robustness against the main degrading physical effects and economy of scale are considered for
different mitigation strategies.
The increasing demand for higher transmission capacity originated by upcoming Triple-Play services forces the network
operators to increase the transmission capacity and drive down the costs per bit/s. Therefore the line rates of installed
networks, operating at 2.5 and 10 Gbit/s/λ, must be upgraded. In current optical networks first implementations of WDM
Systems with line rates of 40 Gbit/s/λ are already accomplished. First results with electronically multiplexed transmitters and receivers at 80 Gbit/s/λ have already been published and higher channel data rates e.g. 100 or 160 Gbit/s/λ attract
more and more attention in the R&D community. With increasing data rates unfortunately new circumstances and
physical impairments have to be considered, which are negligible at lower data rates. For data rates above 40 Gbit/s
chromatic dispersion causes pulses to broaden extremely rapidly, so that transmission behaviour can be regarded as
"quasi-linear". Due to the broad signal spectra and massive pulse overlap the signal quality is mainly degraded by the
intra-channel effects intra-channel-cross-phase modulation (IXPM) and Intra-channel four wave mixing (IFWM). In this
paper we present an analytic engineering rule to extend the system reach limits for 160 Gbit/s/λ data rates by optimizing
the dispersion compensation schemes for different parameters such as fiber types and modulation formats. With minimizing the effect of non-linear intra-channel crosstalk, by able system design the maximum system reach can be extended by more than 40%.
Driven by high growth rates of internet traffic the question of upgrading existing optical metro-, regio- and long haul transport networks introducing 40 Gbit/s/λ is one of the most important questions today and in the near future. Current WDM Systems in photonic networks are commonly operated at linerates of 2.5 and 10 Gbit/s/λ. Induced by market analyses and the historical development of transport systems some work has already been carried out to evaluate update scenarios from 10 to 40 Gbit/s channel data rates. Due to the inherent quadruplication of the bandwidth per channel, limitations due to linear and non-linear transmission impairments become stronger resulting in a highly increased complexity of link engineering, potentially increasing the capital and operational expenditures. A lot of work is therefore in progress, which targets at the relaxation of constraints for 40 Gbit/s transmission to find the most efficient upgrade strategies. One approach towards an increased robustness against signal distortions is the introduction of more advanced modulation formats. Different modulation schemes show strongly different optical WDM transmission characteristics. The choice of the appropriate format does not only depend on the technical requirements, but also on economical considerations as an increased transmitter- and receiver-complexity will drive the transponder price.
This article presents investigations on different modulation formats for the upgrade of existing metro-/ regio and long haul transport networks. Tolerances and robustness against the main degrading effects dispersion, noise and nonlinearities are considered together with mitigation strategies like the adaptation of dispersion maps. Results from numerical simulations are provided for some of the most promising modulation formats like NRZ, RZ, CS-RZ, Optical Duobinary and DPSK.
The opportunity to address special future client interfaces, i.e. IP router interfaces, and to reduce CapEx and OpEx in network domains with highly aggregated traffic are arguments for network operators to insist on the principal option to employ 40G in their backbone network. The fiber infrastructure of most network operators is adequate for a 40G introduction if parameters such as chromatic dispersion, fiber attenuation, nonlinear fiber effects are considered. Already the transition from 2.5Gbit/s to 10Gbit/s per channel the Polarization Modem Dispersion (PMD) for many operators
proved to be a limiting factor. The heterogeneous distribution of PMD of cable and fiber segments enabled the operators to install 10 G systems by measuring and selecting the fibers. The migration towards 40G is limited mainly by the PMD of the fiber infrastructure. Again the heterogeneous distribution of PMD values means that only fraction of the possible links are feasible for 40G transmission. To extend the usable part of the infrastructure it is very important to define accurately the PMD limit which is acceptable for 40 G transmission.
Current WDM Systems in optical networks are commonly operated at 2.5 and 10 Gbit/s per wavelength. First transmission systems, offering the possibility of using 40 Gbit/s/λ transponders, are now commercially available. Transaction of various field trials over the last years indicates remarkable interest for this systems among the network operators. Potential further stages of systems at higher channel data rates e.g. 80, 100 or 160 Gbit/s/λ thus attracted more and more attention in the R&D community. Existing concepts like broadband dispersion compensation, distributed Raman amplification, bandwidth efficient and impairment tolerant modulation formats have been applied, but also new circumstances and physical impairments have to be considered, which are negligible at lower data rates. For data rates above 40 Gbit/s chromatic dispersion causes pulses to broaden extremely rapidly, so that transmission behaviour can be regarded as "quasi-linear". We will present a comprehensive overview to what extend system reach limits can be stressed for 160 Gbit/s/λ data rates when different parameters such as fiber type (standard single-mode fiber SMF and non-zero dispersion fiber NZDSF), modulation format (return to zero RZ, carrier suppressed return to zero CS-RZ, intensity modulated differential phase shift keying IM DPSK), different dispersion compensation schemes and signal power levels are optimized. Further, the benefit from using balanced instead of single ended receiver is investigated for IM DPSK.
To meet the demand for ever-increasing transmission capacity led by the increase in Internet traffic, up to 10 Tb/s transmission capacity experiments have been demonstrated using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and up to three transmission bands. Most of today’s commercial WDM systems, however, are capable of 80 channels at 10 Gbit/s in the C-band and similar capacity in the L-band. 40 Gbit/s channel rate WDM systems are not yet widely commercially deployed. To achieve the aforementioned multi-terabit capacity systems for the future high spectral efficiency and the opening of additional transmission wavelength bands will be necessary. Besides the already used conventional C-band and the long-wavelength L-band the short wavelength S-band is the most promising candidate for a third transmission window. A key technology for accessing a new transmission band is the availability of optical amplifiers, which is fulfilled for the S-band by using either gain-shifted thulium doped fiber amplifiers or new erbium doped fiber amplifiers.
In this paper we will provide an overview of amplifier types and their possible usage to upgrade to multi-band transmission as well as we will discuss general design options for upgrading transmission bands. In particular, we will show numerical results for Raman based C- and L-band amplification with multiple Raman pumps and different pumping schemes and an experiment for opening up the S-band by a fiber amplifier approach.
The increasing demand for high capacity optical networks and the decreasing revenues per bit, combined with the given economy of scale for optical networks, forces the network operators to enhance the channel data rates as well as the channel numbers. Higher channel data rates result in a lower footprint, energy consumption and a lower complexity in network management and operation support systems, due to lower channel numbers.
The enhancement of channel data rate in principle leads to a system tolerance reduction for chromatic dispersion, PMD and nonlinear effects. Furthermore higher order effects like dispersion slope and higher order polarization mode dispersion have to be taken into account.
On the other hand the fast pulse broadening leads to a quasi linear behaviour of the systems, which relaxed some link design rules compared to 40 Gbit/s transmission.
The lower tolerances can partially be mitigated by the implementation of more complex amplification schemes and compensators. The complexity of system design, accounting for less tolerances and adaptive compensating modules, is increased.
We investigate theoretically and numerically the limiting physical effects and the impact on the signal performance, induced by chromatic dispersion, PMD and nonlinear impairments. We present derived engineering rules for all relevant effects and for various fiber types, based on channel data rates of 160 Gbit/s. These engineering rules enable design engineers to perform a fast system design and system degradation estimation, without time consuming full numerical simulations.
Increasing demand for high transmission capacity and the decreasing revenues per bit, combined with the given economy of scale for optical networks, forces the network operators to enhance the channel data rates as well as the channel numbers. Higher channel data rates result in a lower footprint, energy consumption and a lower complexity in network management and operation support systems, due to lower channel numbers.
In principle the enhancement of channel data rate leads to a reduction of system tolerance for chromatic dispersion, PMD and nonlinear effects. Furthermore higher order effects like dispersion slope and higher order polarization mode dispersion have to be taken into account.
On the other hand the fast pulse broadening leads to a quasi linear behaviour of the systems, which relaxes the impact of fiber nonlinearities compared to 40 Gbit/s transmission.
The lower tolerances can partially be mitigated by the implementation of compensators and more complex amplification schemes. Accounting for less tolerances, adaptive compensating modules and higher sophisticated amplification schemes, the complexity of system design is increased.
We investigate theoretically and numerically the limiting physical effects and the impact on the signal performance, induced by chromatic dispersion and nonlinear impairments. We present derived engineering rules for all relevant effects and for various fiber types, based on channel data rates of 160 Gbit/s. These engineering rules enable design engineers to perform a fast system design and system degradation estimation, without time consuming full numerical simulations.
KEYWORDS: Polarization, Picosecond phenomena, Monte Carlo methods, Optical fibers, Matrices, Poincaré sphere, Systems modeling, Wave plates, Jones vectors, Computer simulations
In this paper we examine the statistics of combined polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) and the impact on pulses in optical fiber systems. The probability density functions of PDL, of the differential group delay's (DGD) real and imaginary part and of the angle between the principal states of polarization (PSPs) are investigated by numerical simulations. The PDL and the real part of the DGD turn out to be Maxwellian-distributed while the imaginary part of the DGD complies with a sech2-distribution. Moreover we take a look at the transmission of optical pulses with varying input states of polarization and show that the PSPs of the well-known PMD-theory are not necessarily the fastest and slowest states nor are they the least distorted ones.
Due to increasing traffic demands telecommunication operators have to upgrade the transmission capacity of their networks. Since the success story of WDM in optical fiber based networks, component and system manufacturers as well as operators are dealing with the question if it is better to increase the number of WDM channels remaining at low channel bitrate or to enhance the channel line rate itself. The momentary situation is that already 10 Gbit/s based systems are installed for client traffic and are running properly.
By a comparison of the technical advantages and business cases for a lot of transmission scenarios, the 10 Gbit/s solution turns out to be the preferable solution if compared to 2.5-Gbit/s-based systems.
In the meantime 40GHz electronics has made severe progress so that now it seems to be possible to take the step towards the next hierarchy, the 40 Gbit/s channel rate. Nevertheless, many system manufacturers still wait with the market introduction of 40 Gbit/s, on the one hand because we observe a stagnant capacity demand this year, and on the other hand because the business case seems yet not to be competitive.
One of the reasons for this is the impact of different physical limitations of fast optical fiber transmission. While the step from 2.5 to 10 Gbit/s still did not raise severe technological problems for medium distances, this is completely different for ultra long haul systems and especially for all 40-Gbit/s-based systems. While nonlinear effects still can be sufficiently managed, phenomena like, e.g., polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), chromatic dispersion mismatch, and gain tilt of optical amplifiers play an important role. Chromatic dispersion and polarization effects may vary with time so that either passive or adaptive compensation schemes may be needed in order to realize sufficiently long transmission distances.
This paper will deal with different current solutions to overcome limitations from fibers and components, namely the use of special modulation formats, the use of pa
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