This paper demonstrates the different modelling of detection for lidar by using continuous wave and pump laser configurations as well as the signals received performance of the set test range. The configurations are developed by three main subsystems namely the transmission part that is consists of laser source, modulator, amplifier, oscillator, the target, and the receiver part that is constructed of photodetector, amplifier, filter, and signal processing. The distances tested in the simulation focuses on several ranges that is less than 1 kilometer and the wavelength used is 1550 nm. The signals obtained from both configuration modellings were analyzed and compared in terms of the tests delay, distance measurement of the target range from 20 m till 1000 m, frequency and the received signal power. Observations and analysis from the simulation results show the differences of signal pulses obtained when using continuous wave and laser pulse as well as the difference of received signal power for both configurations. Analysis shows that for lidar distance measurement, range of target also affect the received signal power where the laser pulses show detection of longer range as compared to continuous wave although for shorter distances, continuous wave displayed averaged good performance in terms of received signal power. This work will be the basis of further investigations of light detection and ranging for optimization purpose in terms of laser beam shape, fiber medium, polarization effect, optimum distance, and particle detection.
In this study, U-shaped fiber optic sensors are fabricated and analyzed to measure the sensitivity of the developed sensor and optimized the detection of the refractive index (RI) of a given liquid. Identifying the authenticity of the RI is very important in food processing, chemical, liquid security and pharmacy. In this research, three types of sensors with different curvature radii (3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and different angles (30°C and 60°C) with 60 cm length of polymer fibers have been developed to characterize and analyze which type of sensor that will give optimal reading. This sensor is expected to be used for future studies such as in bioengineering, food and liquid security and chemical detection. Each sensor is tested with several types of liquids that have different densities. The development of this RI sensor is also intended to detect a suitable temperature for RI of a liquid that is between 20°C - 55°C. The research analyzed the RI sensitivity using impurity-free liquid (mineral water) and non-impurity liquid (saline water and used cooking oil). The result is measured and collected using Optical Power Meter and a 6500-input light source. The selection of this U-shaped sensor is due to the robustness of this sensor in various environments, high sensitivity, and its simple construction. This work aims to produce a low-cost and highly optimal U-shaped sensor for detecting and measuring the RI of a liquid impurity and security in any environment.
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