KEYWORDS: Analog electronics, Telecommunications, Light emitting diodes, Data communications, Visible radiation, Eye, Control systems, Modulation, Data transmission, Light sources
For making commercial implementation of light emitting diode (LED) based visible light communication (VLC) systems feasible, it is necessary to incorporate it with dimming schemes which will provide energy savings, moods and increase the aesthetic value of the places using this technology. There are two general methods which are used to dim LEDs commonly categorized as analog and digital dimming. Incorporating fast data transmission with these techniques is a key challenge in VLC. In this paper, digital and analog dimming for a 10 Mb/s non return to zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) based VLC system is experimentally investigated considering both photometric and communicative parameters. A spectrophotometer was used for photometric analysis and a line of sight (LOS) configuration in the presence of ambient light was used for analyzing communication parameters. Based on the experimental results, it was determined that digital dimming scheme is preferable for use in indoor VLC systems requiring high dimming precision and data transmission at lower brightness levels. On the other hand, analog dimming scheme is a cost effective solution for high speed systems where dimming precision is insignificant.
KEYWORDS: Switches, Switching, Wavelength division multiplexing, Monte Carlo methods, Multiplexers, Transparency, Asynchronous transfer mode, Space operations, Transmittance, Matrices
By eliminating optical synchronizers in optical IP routers, more complex scheduling algorithms are needed to schedule asynchronous packets. This will result in voids at the switch output thus reducing switch throughput. A novel scheduling algorithm had previously been proposed to reduce these excess losses by filling voids caused by asynchronous and variable length operation. Non-degenerate (i.e. non-uniform) buffer depth has previously been shown to improve the packet loss performance especially under bursty traffic. We investigated the performance of the void filling algorithm by combining non-degenerate and degenerate (uniform) fiber delay lines. Performance is studied for different threshold levels, i.e. the number of uniform delay lines in the feedback delay line before introducing the non-degenerate delay lines. The packet loss performance for combined non-degenerate and degenerate delay lines with void filling algorithm is presented for an optical router with a feedback delay lines buffer under self similar traffic. The recirculating delay lines buffer emulates a two-stage buffer where first stage buffers smaller packets whilst the second stage stores larger packets. This buffering mechanism is similar to SLOB (i.e. Switch With Large Optical Buffer).
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