A standard (targeted) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) has periodic square-wave–like refractive-index profile and its optical performance is determined by the refractive-index ratio of the two applied materials (n12 = n1/n2, n1 > n2) and the number of their periods (N). It is well known that its structural disorder strongly affects its optical properties, but, despite that, this influence has not been quantitatively addressed in the literature. In this work, we propose a precise quantitative definition for a structural disorder of a single DBR unit cell (disorder factor, DF), completing the set of DBR fundamental parameters (n12, N, DF). Then we expose the basis for a novel simulation method, named effective refractive-index approximation (ERIA) [1], showing that, as long as DBR optical properties are concerned, the influence of increasing structural disorder (DF↑) is virtually identical to the influence of decreasing refractive-index ratio (n12↓), with the latter influence being easily quantified. Making use of the ERIA method, simple analytical formulas, which enable rapid insights into the reflectivity and stop-band width of DBRs with different types of transient layers at the heterointerfaces are derived and the results validated, via both transfer-matrix simulations and direct experimental measurements of highly disordered DBRs. The ERIA method is then further applied on resonant microcavities, yielding simple analytical formulas which link their structural disorder (DF) with subsequent deterioration of their quality (Q) factor, and enable comprehensive insight into the link between the two.
[1] Ž. Gačević and N. Vukmirović, Phys. Rev. Appl. 9, 064041 (2018).
In this manuscript we carry out a comparative analysis of p-i-n junction solar cells based on 10 stacks of InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) capped with GaAs(Sb)(N) capping layers (CLs). The application of such CLs allows to significantly extend the photoresponse beyond 1.3 μm. Moreover, a strong photocurrent from the CLs is observed so that the devices work as QD-quantum well solar cells. The GaAsSb CL leads to the best results, providing a strong sub-band-gap contribution, which is higher than that in a sample containing standard GaAs-capped QDs, despite giving rise to the highest accumulated strain. The use of a GaAsN CL reduces the photocurrent originating from GaAs, pointing to electron retrapping and hindered extraction and/or the introduction of point defects as possible reasons for this. Nevertheless, the addition of N helps to balance the accumulated strain, necessary to stack a higher number of QD layers. In addition, the possibility to independently tune the hole and electron confinements by the simultaneous presence of Sb and N in the CL is also confirmed for 10 stacked QD layers. This not only allows to further extend the QD ground state and, therefore, the photoresponse, but also offers the possibility to design an optimized structure facilitating carrier extraction from the QDs. Nevertheless, carrier losses seem to be stronger under the simultaneous presence of N and Sb in the CL.
Snežana Lazić, Ekaterina Chernysheva, Žarko Gačević, Noemi García-Lepetit, Herko van der Meulen, Marcus Müller, Frank Bertram, Peter Veit, Jürgen Christen, Almudena Torres-Pardo, José González Calbet, Enrique Calleja, José Calleja
The realization of reliable single photon emitters operating at high temperature and located at predetermined positions still presents a major challenge for the development of solid-state systems for quantum light applications. We demonstrate single-photon emission from two-dimensional ordered arrays of GaN nanowires containing InGaN nanodisks. The structures were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy on (0001) GaN-on-sapphire templates patterned with nanohole masks prepared by colloidal lithography. Low-temperature cathodoluminescence measurements reveal the spatial distribution of light emitted from a single nanowire heterostructure. The emission originating from the topmost part of the InGaN regions covers the blue-to-green spectral range and shows intense and narrow quantum dot-like photoluminescence lines. These lines exhibit an average linear polarization ratio of 92%. Photon correlation measurements show photon antibunching with a g(2)(0) values well below the 0.5 threshold for single photon emission. The antibunching rate increases linearly with the optical excitation power, extrapolating to the exciton decay rate of ~1 ns-1 at vanishing pump power. This value is comparable with the exciton lifetime measured by time-resolved photoluminescence. Fast and efficient single photon emitters with controlled spatial position and strong linear polarization are an important step towards high-speed on-chip quantum information management.
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