At present, the verification method of hand-held laser range finder has characteristics of high labor intensity, low working efficiency and low measuring accuracy. To solve these problems, an automatic hand-held laser range finder verification system is built in this paper. This system contains a 50m marble calibration platform, a measuring trolley with visual measuring module, and a multi-degree of freedom holder of range finder. It can automatically identify the observed readings of rangefinder through optical character recognition (OCR) technology, compare with the standard ranging value obtained by the trolley, and then evaluate error of indication. Thus achieving the purpose of calibrating the rangefinder. All of the communication between PC and trolley is realized by WiFi. Experiments show this device has comprehensive functions, high level of automation, practical application value and broad market prospects.
This paper proposed a method of detection to the grinding wheel layer thickness based on computer vision. A camera is used to capture images of grinding wheel layer on the whole circle. Forward lighting and back lighting are used to enables a clear image to be acquired. Image processing is then executed on the images captured, which consists of image preprocessing, binarization and subpixel subdivision. The aim of binarization is to help the location of a chord and the corresponding ring width. After subpixel subdivision, the thickness of the grinding layer can be calculated finally. Compared with methods usually used to detect grinding wheel wear, method in this paper can directly and quickly get the information of thickness. Also, the eccentric error and the error of pixel equivalent are discussed in this paper.
The definition of dynamic envelope curve is the maximum limit outline caused by various adverse effects during the running process of the train. It is an important base of making railway boundaries. At present, the measurement work of dynamic envelope curve of high-speed vehicle is mainly achieved by the way of binocular vision. There are some problems of the present measuring system like poor portability, complicated process and high cost. A new measurement system based on the monocular vision measurement theory and the analysis on the test environment is designed and the measurement system parameters, the calibration of camera with wide field of view, the calibration of the laser plane are designed and optimized in this paper. The accuracy has been verified to be up to 2mm by repeated tests and experimental data analysis. The feasibility and the adaptability of the measurement system is validated. There are some advantages of the system like lower cost, a simpler measurement and data processing process, more reliable data. And the system needs no matching algorithm.
The steel rule plays an important role in quantity transmission. However, the traditional verification method of steel rule based on manual operation and reading brings about low precision and low efficiency. A machine vison based verification system of steel rule is designed referring to JJG1-1999-Verificaiton Regulation of Steel Rule [1]. What differentiates this system is that it uses a new calibration method of pixel equivalent and decontaminates the surface of steel rule. Experiments show that these two methods fully meet the requirements of the verification system. Measuring results strongly prove that these methods not only meet the precision of verification regulation, but also improve the reliability and efficiency of the verification system.
Nowadays, as workpieces become more precise and more specialized which results in more sophisticated structures and higher accuracy for the artifacts, higher requirements have been put forward for measuring accuracy and measuring methods. As an important method to obtain the size of workpieces, coordinate measuring machine (CMM) has been widely used in many industries. In order to achieve the calibration of a self-developed CMM, it is found that the parallelism of the base plate used for fixing the standard artifact is an important factor which affects the measurement accuracy in the process of studying self-made high-precision standard artifact. And aimed to measure the parallelism of the base plate, by using the existing high-precision CMM, gauge blocks, dial gauge and marble platform with the tactile approach, three methods for parallelism measurement of workpieces are employed, and comparisons are made within the measurement results. The results of experiments show that the final accuracy of all the three methods is able to reach micron level and meets the measurement requirements. Simultaneously, these three approaches are suitable for different measurement conditions which provide a basis for rapid and high-precision measurement under different equipment conditions.
In the center measuring device consisting of a plurality of laser triangular displacement sensors (LDS) for coaxiality measurement of shaft, it fits the center coordinate of the shaft by obtaining the coordinates of the outer contour, this poses a higher requirement for the relative position calibration accuracy of the multi-LDS. Aiming at the positional relationship between multi-LDS, the CMM is leaded into the calibration of the center measuring device. Randomly moves a standard column and reading the length values of multi-LDS, combined with the known center coordinates of the column from CMM, to establish the over-determined nonlinear equations, the angle and starting position of the laser beam of each LDS in the measuring device are calculated. The experiment result indicates that measuring uncertainty of the system is 30 μm, this proved the validity and feasibility of the multi-LDS center measuring device in the use of coaxiality measurement of shaft. As a result, it is found that the proposed calibration method is accuracy to the multi-LDS center measuring device and can be implemented easily.
The multistep registration(MSR) method in [1] is to register two different classes of sensors deployed on z-arm of CMM(coordinate measuring machine): a video camera and a tactile probe sensor. In general, it is difficult to obtain a very precise registration result with a single common standard, instead, this method is achieved by measuring two different standards with a constant distance between them two which are fixed on a steel plate. Although many factors have been considered such as the measuring ability of sensors, the uncertainty of the machine and the number of data pairs, there is no exact analysis on the squareness between the x-axis and the y-axis on the xy plane. For this sake, error analysis on the squareness of multi-sensor integrated CMM for the multistep registration method will be made to examine the validation of the MSR method. Synthetic experiments on the squareness on the xy plane for the simplified MSR with an inclination rotation are simulated, which will lead to a regular result. Experiments have been carried out with the multi-standard device designed also in [1], meanwhile, inspections with the help of a laser interferometer on the xy plane have been carried out. The final results are conformed to the simulations, and the squareness errors of the MSR method are also similar to the results of interferometer. In other word, the MSR can also adopted/utilized to verify the squareness of a CMM.
According to some current problems in the course of measuring the plane shape error of workpiece, an in-situ measuring method based on laser triangulation is presented in this paper. The method avoids the inefficiency of traditional methods like knife straightedge as well as the time and cost requirements of coordinate measuring machine(CMM). A laser-based measuring head is designed and installed on the spindle of a numerical control(NC) machine. The measuring head moves in the path planning to measure measuring points. The spatial coordinates of the measuring points are obtained by the combination of the laser triangulation displacement sensor and the coordinate system of the NC machine, which could make the indicators of measurement come true. The method to evaluate planar straightness error adopts particle swarm optimization(PSO). To verify the feasibility and accuracy of the measuring method, simulation experiments were implemented with a CMM. Comparing the measurement results of measuring head with the corresponding measured values obtained by composite measuring machine, it is verified that the method can realize high-precise and automatic measurement of the planar straightness error of the workpiece.
The high-precision detection for surface defect of ceramic balls, widely used in precise bearings, is a challenging task. Due to the fact that some defects cannot be directly detected by the gray-level of images, we propose a method for surface defect detection based on fringe reflection. Based on specular characteristics of ceramic balls, this method utilizes flat screens with fringes drawn on them. If a ceramic ball is nondefective, the image, formed by reflection on its surface, presents even fringes. The distortion of fringes designed by a reverse exact ray-tracing method occurs at the defective region of ceramic balls. During experiments conducted with silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic balls, images are captured by a CMOS camera with high resolution and processed by specific algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this method, which can be applied for high-precision detection for surface defect of ceramic balls and other objects with similar characteristics.
The paper proposes a new vision-based inspection of car circlips. Due to the variety of circlips and large quantity, human inspection about its inside diameter, ring width is always subjective, labor-intensive and slow. The detector consists three parts: electromagnetic feeder, vision-based detection system and multi-station workbench. The feeder is customized to accomplish storage, screening, sorting and transmission of circlips. Vision system is made up of bilateral telecentric lens, tablet light and industrial camera. By means of image processing, it can detect dozens of circlips which it maximum outside diameter is less than 25.00mm. And the precision of inside diameter can reach up to 0.02mm. A multi-station workbench method is put forward in order to improve detecting efficiency combined with parallel software. The system can sort 60-80 pieces per minute.
Pixel equivalent is an important parameter to describe the relationship between pixels of digital images and actual size of measured piece in a 2D image measuring system. It is mainly calibrated with the standard component method, which is traditionally off-line and requires measuring conditions and attitude of devices to remain constant while measuring and calibrating. To overcome above limitations, a new calibration method is proposed in this paper which is defined as the float equivalent method. This method requires the standard component and measured piece be placed in image measuring system simultaneously. Everytime before measuring, no matter aiming at the same measuring point or not, the pixel equivalent is calibrated for this specific time, specific condition, specific measuring point, and specific object distance. This method has the advantage of reducing the influence of conditions changing on the accuracy without additional calibration equipment or operations. The steel tape verification system is taken as an example to testify the effectiveness of the method.
High accuracy automatic measurement of engine box is significant for enhancing the quality and performance of the engine. To complete the fast automatic measurement of the engine box shaft hole diameter, a new non-contact methods for inner hole diameter measuring is proposed in this paper, a mathematic model is built according to this method. A probe based on laser displacement sensors is developed to meet the method by distributing the laser displacement sensors in the probe cross-section uniformly. By this method, shaft hole diameter can be got with single measurement. This method eliminates some defects involved in existing shaft hole diameter non-contact measuring methods, it does not need the rotation of the probe and accurate locating of the probe center and the shaft hole center. Experiments proved that the methods can be used to complete the task of the shaft hole diameter measuring with simple operation and accurate result. Experiments have also shown that the proposed method is an effective method of non-contact high accuracy diameter measurement.
Specialized video measuring system (SVMS) is a kind of instruments diagnosing only one special type of part with high performance. In the design of a SVMS, it is necessary to consider the special requirements during the inspection of the parts. We take the video-based inspecting instrument for watch escapement (VIIWE) as an example of SVMS. A method based on least interferences is proposed to determine an optimized movement layout. The quality of image taken by an imaging lens with a limited depth of field (100 μm) may be degraded by two parameters, i.e., the perpendicularity of optical axis to workbench and the parallelism of probe movement plane to workbench. To optimize the two parameters, we calibrate the perpendicularity with a definition function, measure the parallelism with a dial indicator, and develop a mechanism of adjustment. The scheme about movement layout and adjustment has been successfully applied in the VIIWE.
Escape wheel as a typical precision micro-machinery part is one of the most precision parts in one mechanical watch. A
new inspecting instrument based on machine vision technology used to achieve semi-automatic inspection of watch
escape wheel is introduced in this paper. This instrument makes use of high resolution CCD sensor and independent designed
lens as the imaging system. It can not only achieve to image an area with 7mm diameter once, but also has the resolving
power in micrometer and cooperates with two-dimensional moving station to achieve a continuous and automatic
measurement of the work pieces placed in array type. In which, the following aspects are highlighted: measuring princeple
and process, the basic components of array type measuring workbench, positioning process and verticality, parallelism
and other precision adjusting mechanism. Cooperating with novelty escape wheel preparation tool this instrument
forms an array type semi-automatic measuring mode. At present, the instrument has been successfully running in the
industry field.
The significant disadvantage of traditional sub-pixel edge location algorithm is difficult to achieve high accurate edge
location of micro-parts, because reflective characteristic of edge is widely divergent for material, chamfer, and any other
factors. This paper introduces a sub-pixel location algorithm for micro-parts edge which is based on matching template.
First, it studies the edge imaging characteristic for a specific practical engineering part, and constructs one dimension
matching operator. Second, we abstract the pixel edge points on the image of practical engineering parts, and get the
normal direction information of the whole points. Finally, according to the correlation operation between matching
operator and a series of pixel points by the normal direction of the edge points, found the best position for matching. This
position is the location point of the edge point under sub-pixel accuracy. Compared with traditional sub-pixel algorithm,
this algorithm requires different matching operators for different measured objects, not a universal operator to all types of
the edges. Therefore, the effect which brings by the parts' edge characteristic and the imaging characteristic can be
reduced. This algorithm has prominence significance for using sub-pixel technology to measure practical parts.
Experiment result shows that, for the practical engineering part which has clear measurement aim and conformable
character of the edge, this method will achieve high accurate edge location, and it is suitable for wholesale measurement
of edge for complex micro-parts which require high accurate.
KEYWORDS: Image registration, Data fusion, Inspection, 3D image processing, 3D metrology, Calibration, 3D applications, Imaging systems, Cameras, Image fusion
This paper presents a new ways-free image registration method based on adherent mark recognition method. Accurate 3D coordinates are first obtained in each unit-measurement and then all the unit-data information are amalgamated into a communal coordinate system. The stereo vision based 3D profilometer computes at least three marks' 3D coordinates first and then these coordinates are applied to calibrate the translation and orientation matrix between the two different inspection positions. This method allows any freedom of translation or orientation between every two unit-measurements without special constraints. With all of the six possible freedom transformations, the system's flexibility and adaptability are greatly enhanced, so the objects under inspection can be measured according to their inherent shapes at each optimal angle of view. As there needs no redundant ways in the measurement, the portable on- spot inspection becomes feasible. The paper analyzes two different amalgamation algorithms in detail and finally computer simulation results are given.
Binocular machine vision has been explored for so many years, but the most difficult problem and the obstacle of the system processing is the matching procedure. This thesis will give a new technique to obtain matching points of the left and right image in the binocular active vision system, without searching the whole image, or even the whole feature curve. So the time-consumed computation is reduced considerably. And the mismatching errors are reduced too. In this technique, except the epipolar constraints, we add two strong constraints into the system: Adherent-Mark, Grid (row and column). Using a new method of Grid-Coding, matching point is easy to be found.
KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Calibration, Visual process modeling, Mathematics, Error analysis, Mathematical modeling, Systems modeling, Optical inspection, Process modeling, Sensors
This paper proposes a flexible 3D coordinate system based on a theodolite pair. The maths model of the system is based on the least square method. A transition coordinate system is established to meet the requirement to move the theodolite pair in many on-site situations. This paper gives an example that the flexible 3D coordinate system is employed to complete the global calibration of a vision-based inspection system for the body-in white of car.
KEYWORDS: Control systems, Sensors, Inspection, Data communications, Optical inspection, Optical sensors, Telecommunications, Data transmission, Process control, Switches
An application of distributed control system in Autocar-body Visual Inspection Station is presented in the paper, a distributed control system using PC as the host processor and single-chip microcomputer as the slave controller is proposed. In this paper, the physical interface of the control network and the relevant hardware are introduced. Meanwhile, a minute research on data communication is performed, relevant protocols on data framing, instruction codes and channel access methods have been laid down and part of related software is presented.
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