This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 11335, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Author and Conference Committee lists.

Computer holography is based on advanced computer technology and the basic principle of wave optics, and it is widely employed in many optical fields. In the holographic display, both display systems and encoding methods of computer-generated hologram have effects on the reconstructed image quality. The high coherence of light source causes laser speckle noise that degrades modulation quality severely. We propose a novel method to encoding computer-generated hologram, in which a partially temporal coherent light with a broadband continuous spectrum is used to illuminate the object image. We consider the partially temporal coherence of an actual light source and encode the computer-generated hologram based on the extended spectrum of the actual light source. This ensures that the design source is consistent with the reconstructed source. In this paper, we compare the reconstructed images from the proposed encoding method with that obtained from the encoding method based on ideal temporal coherent light. Under the same conditions the proposed method can obtain a more accurate and clear object image with the naked eyes. The proposed method can provide a reference for various wave-front modulations.

A new expression of partially coherent light is derived. The formula of the partially coherent optical field is consisted of two terms: spatially coherent part propagated by angular spectrum and incoherent part based on the optical transfer function. Both parts are related to coherent function (degree of coherence). Then a design method for computer generated hologram based on the theory of partially coherent light is proposed. The formation process of CGH is divided into angular spectrum and optical transfer function. Both numerical simulations and optical experiments are done to verify that speckle contrast of holographic reconstructed images is improved without sacrificing in PSNR compared to traditional method. The experimental results show that the speckle contrasts are improved more than 46%, and the image quality is obviously improved. This method can be applied on three-dimensional holographic display, beam shaping and other wave-front modulation techniques.

The plenoptic camera is a new camera structure which can record the intensity, color and the direction of the light by adding a microlens array in front of the image sensor. Based on some basic concepts of the focused plenoptic camera, we first analyze the imaging characteristics. Then, the design method was given. Furthermore, we establish the depth resolution model after detailed derivation. The imaging characteristics of the focused plenoptic camera with a novel structure of four types focal lengths microlens array was analyzed. The simulation results show that our designed camera has the advantages of large depth of field and high depth resolution. The method proposed in this paper can provide reference for designing plenoptic cameras for specific application scenarios.

A new efficient real time rendering method for 3D model called double depth-image-based rendering (DDIBR) is proposed, which realizes higher frame rates and better image quality. This method can not only utilize the traditional rasterization pipeline, but also implements the algorithm on GPU to accelerate the rendering process. The feasibility of the method is verified by qualitative and quantitative experiments. Compared with traditional methods, this method has higher rendering speed and better image quality. The results show that the DDIBR method can be applied to a scene over millions of vertices and the resolution of 3840 × 2160 at 20 frames per second.

This paper establishes a method for evaluating the visible light stealth effect of small surface targets for visual reconnaissance from the perspective of image similarity. The method is used to quantify and analyze the effect of visible light stealth and monochromatic coating on a typical small surface target. The results show that the proposed method can generate a reasonable response to the structural similarity, texture similarity, color similarity and second-order statistical moment, etc. for small surface target images with different visible light stealth states, and obtain a reasonable magnitude. Therefore, the comprehensive similarity considering the above factors is finally determined as the basis for determining the stealth effect.

A slightly off-axis digital holography is proposed using polarization technology for quantitative phase imaging. Employing a nearly common-path flipping interferometry configuration, our approach realizes interference by flipping the relative position of a sample and reference beam. Using polarization modulation, the sample beam is converted to be 45° linearly polarized, and the reference beam is modulated to be circularly polarized. By setting a polarizer placed before the CCD camera with angles of 0° and 90°, two carrier holograms with phase shifts of 0 and π/2 can be obtained, respectively. Then, the phase distribution of the sample can be retrieved using a fast slightly off-axis digital holography reconstruction method. Theoretical analysis and experiments are carried out to demonstrate the validity and stability of the proposed method.

We propose an application in optical data storage (ODS) of tetraphenylethene (TPE)-doped photopolymer, which has the attribute of aggregation-induced emission. High-contrast fluorescence intensities of two different photopolymer films were verified. The photopolymer host was solidified at the focal point of a high-numerical-aperture lens. We recorded data points inside the TPE-doped photopolymer matrix by using this property and obtained fluorescence intensity difference between the exposure regions and the non-exposure regions. This attribute paves a new way for ODS and opens the way to exploring the possibility of utilizing the TPE-doped photopolymer as chemical sensors and components of organic light-emitting diodes.

The SRAM-based FPGAs are widely used in space imaging system because of their reprogramming advantages. However, designers must be concerned with the effect of single event upset(SEU) on FPGA configuration memory in the space application. To evaluate the performance of SRAM-based FPGA against SEU, simulating SEU fault injection test is a common method. This paper mainly studies the method of fault injection test and the structure of test platform. The data of CCD driving timing is flipped bit by bit on the test platform. And finally count the fault rate is 1.25%, then taking about 240ms to repair the fault.

When plane wave is used to illuminate Diffractive optical elements (DOEs), the maximum size of the diffraction pattern is limited by the wavelength of the incident beam, the distance from the DOE to the output plane and the sampling interval of the DOE. In this paper, a method is proposed to magnify the maximum size of the diffraction pattern with an introduced intermediate plane and two-step diffraction calculation. Zero padding is used on the DOE plane, the sampling interval on the intermediate plane is correspondingly decreased, and the size of the diffraction pattern is magnified. The accompanied image aliasing is eliminated by placing a low-pass filter on the intermediate plane. The light field distribution on the output plane conforms two-dimensional sinc function as a consequence of the discretization of phases of DOEs. In order to get a uniform diffraction pattern, it is necessary to preprocess the target diffraction pattern. Both numerical simulations and experimental results show the validity of the proposed method.

With the world facing the global warming, air pollution, resource shortages, people pay more attentions to the protection of the environment, saving resources and the development of clean energy. Smart electrochromic windows that used for building exterior wall will largely reduce building energy consumption, which can regulate heat entering the building by controlling the transmittance of light, thereby reducing the consumption of air conditioning and lighting equipment. Electrochromic device (ECD) refers to the external alternating electric field that controls the ion movement inside the device to change the microstructure, and then changes the light transmittance of the device within a certain wavelength, showing color change in appearance. In this paper, a triple-layered ECD based on multifunctional hydrogel is proposed, which consists of hydrogel layer, electrochromic layer and electrode layer. The single hydrogel layer simultaneously processes good conductivity and high ion mobility, replacing the conductive layer, ion storage layer and electrolyte layer in traditional ECD, which simplify the device architecture and then greatly reduce the production cost. The transmittance of hydrogel is about 95%, which greatly improves the transmittance of the transparent state of the device, in favor of the better performance. Amorphous tungsten trioxide (WO3) was used for the EC layer, prepared by sol-gel method. Compared with magnetron sputtering and electrochemical deposition, this sol-gel method is more simple, lower cost and more stable material properties. The assembled ECDs have 80% contrast at a wavelength of 800 nm at a voltage of -2.8 v, which is higher than most ECDs. For the characteristic of light transmittance modulation of electrochromic devices, which can be used in intelligent chromic window, reflector mirrors, display equipment and so on. This proves a way to develop an electrochromic device with high contrast, low production cost and fast response time.

The optical properties of conventional optical components vary with wavelength. This leads to chromatic aberrations of optical components, and affects the accuracy and effectiveness of optical systems operating in wideband severely, especially in the visible band. The traditional optical design achieves achromatic result by bonding a plurality of lenses of different dispersion properties. The diffractive optical element (DOE) is characterized by miniaturization and light weight, which can realize functions such as array, integration, and arbitrary wave-front conversion. However, it is difficult to perform in conventional optical devices. In this paper, we can use diffractive lenses to achieve achromatic effects. A method of designing multi-wavelength achromatic lenses by using genetic algorithms combined with scalar diffraction theory is proposed. We use the focusing performance of different light wavelengths in the focal plane as the optimization condition. After several iterations, we finally get the optimal lens structure, and use this lens to do the simulation focusing experiment based on RGB three-color light. The simulation results show that the achromatic lens can focus the red, green and blue light to a point in space. In addition, the achromatic lens can be on the order of microns in diameter. Therefore, such a lens has a smaller volume, which is difficult to achieve with conventional lenses.

In this paper, a comprehensive ray-tracing model for simulating volume holographic gratings is programmed and demonstrated in OpticStudio. The model integrates physical properties of the hologram, such as diffraction direction and efficiency based on incident rays’ direction and polarization state, into the standard ray-tracing model. The model also accounts for hologram emulsion shrinkage and refractive index shift. With integration of these physical effects, advanced modeling tools like image simulation and optimization become available and are demonstrated with a case study of a seethrough head-mounted display.

In this paper, a color holographic display system based on the effective utilization of the spatial light modulator (SLM) is proposed. Color reconstruction is achieved by using a single SLM. The effective viewing area of three color reconstructed images is analyzed based on the geometrical optics principle and the holographic diffraction theory. Then the effective holograms of three colors are calculated based on the calculation of the effective area of the SLM. When three color parallel light sources are used to illuminate the SLM, color chromatic aberration is compensated by adjusting the blazing grating that loaded on the SLM. At last, three color reconstructed images can be coincided in the same position with a fast speed. The experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed system.

An efficient DIBR method based on depth offset mapping (DOM) by calculating the normalized offset between referenced image and shifted image using only an original picture and the corresponding grayscale depth map is proposed to realize 3D display. During the synthesizing progress, 3D image can be obtained directly by the mapping relations of related pixels according to the depth cue from corresponding depth map. Instead of generating virtual view-points in traditional DIBR method, the proposed method has a fast calculation speed and a high synthesizing efficiency which can complete the image rendering based on hardware devices with better iterative performance. In experiments, the speed of synthesizing 3D image is analyzed and a 10-second long video including 240 frames is used to verify the real-time implementation. Results show that the proposed method can realize a real-time rendering of 3D video with 3840×2160 resolution with about 10.68ms per frame for average on a smart Android motherboard (Rockchip RK3399). The proposed system is more portable and a high integration is realized by using RK3399 instead of the off-the-shelf computer hardware (2.2 GHz Eight-core CPU and a GTX-1080 GPU).

In a traditional Fourier holographic projection, a clear reconstructed image is formed only in the focal plane of the Fourier lens. In this paper, we propose a novel method to form simultaneously holographic reconstructed images in good focus located at different continuous planes. The phase profile of the hologram is superimposed with the phase of diffractive axilens to obtain a new diffractive phase element (DPE). We use laser direct write lithography system to fabricate the desired DPE with smaller feature sizes of pixels. A comparative experiment is carried out to observe reconstructed images of superposition of the axilens phase and Fresnel lens phase on the phase hologram, respectively. Finally, the DPEs are drawn in a photoresist of glass substrate by laser direct write lithography technology, in which only a limited number of quantized phase levels m are achieved (e.g., m=2 , m=4 ). Our experiment results revealed that the approximate clear holographic images can be observed simultaneously on multiple planes by using the DPE, which is in good agreement with the simulations.

A deep sub-wavelength metal grating is used to replace the top electrode of liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) to form a new structure of liquid crystal (LC) phase spatial light modulator (SLM), which to meet large spatial bandwidth product of dynamic holographic video display. Although the structure of this (gold) deep sub-wavelength grating-LC-metal electrode is similar to the geometry of the current LCOS, the physical mechanism is completely different, which we called it G-LCOS. In order to study the feasibility of the new G-LCOS for phase modulation of digital holographic display, based on previous calculation and simulation, we fabricate deep sub-wavelength gratings by using EBL and obtain a conceptual verification device by referring to the traditional LCOS process flow. In this paper, we present experimental investigations based on Michelson's interference principle on the phase modulation performance of this proof-of-concept device. The results show that the phase modulation of the structure can reach 1.2π. The slight disagreement between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally measured values for the G-LCOS phase modulation could be caused by the errors in the preparation process and measurement.

In this paper, a floating 3D display system that consists of an autostereoscopic display and a symmetric cemented doublet (SCD) is demonstrated. 3D image is generated by the autostereoscopic display and it floats into a free space by the use of the SCD. Furthermore, SCD is designed to correct the chromatic aberration and distortion of the floating system. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed system, simulations and experiments are performed, and the results are comparatively discussed with those of the conventional system.

Multi-view can provide more object information than single view and are less susceptible to noise interference. But in the feature matching process, excessive parallax in multi-view can lead to mismatches. And it is difficult to extract features for weakly textured area, which will causes the reconstructed model contain holes. Here, the method for the reconstruction of 3D structural semantic points with multiple camera views is presented. We take the advantage of the multi-view method and 3D feature points to reduce mismatching in the feature matching process. The constraints that provided by structure semantics points are related to object and restrict the distribution of points around object, which can improve the reconstructed model. Besides, the model with 3D feature points can be optimized using semantics and distance information to fill holes and remove noise. The experiment uses eight cameras to test method. The results show that our method can be effective for mismatching and holes. The experiment results prove that our method is effective.

In this paper, image processing technology is used to simulate the reconstructed images of holographic stereogram in different depth planes. The quality of the reconstructed image of a single hogel at different depths is analyzed firstly. The size of the hogel, the distance between the holographic stereogram and the LCD and the distance between the holographic stereogram and the imaging plane are all factors affecting the quality of the reconstructed image. By dividing the hogel into many sub-parts, the reconstructed images of each sub-parts are analyzed one by one, and by superimposing the reconstructed images of each sub-parts, the reconstructed images of the hogel at different depths can be obtained. Then, the relationship between the reconstructed images of each hogel is analyzed, and the reconstructed images of all hogels are translated and superimposed to obtain the reconstructed images of the holographic stereogram in different depth. The synthetic parallax images generated by using the effective perspective image segmentation and mosaicking (EPISM) algorithm proposed by our group are used to print the holographic stereogram. The experiment results show that the reconstructed images of the stereogram in different depth planes are consistent with the simulation results, which verifies the validation of the simulation.

The pickup mode of 3D scene in integral imaging (II) consists of parallel pickup, convergent pickup and off-axis pickup. Combining the advantages of parallel pickup and convergent pickup, a method for off-axis pickup is proposed. In fact, the depth of field (DOF) of the II is not only affected by various parameters in the display process, but also seriously affected by pickup process. We deduce the parameters that affect the DOF during the pickup process through theoretical analysis. In the modeling software C4D (Cinema 4D) the experiment is carried out. The results show that off-axis method is better, and verify the correctness of the calculation formula of DOF from the pickup process.

This paper proposes a combination detection and fusion method for targets on sea surface, which is based on radar and infrared channels, this method is also suitable for sea surface target combination detection and fusion of radar and visible light camera at the same time. Radar detection has the advantages of full-time, all-weather, and large detection range, but the ability to acquire target details is poor. In comparison with radar, infrared detection has higher angular resolution and can acquire the target's thermal radiation characteristics, which allows for a wealth of detailed information. However, the infrared field of view is small. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of these two detection methods, the radar is used for target detection. Then, according to the azimuth angle and the distance of the target in the radar image, the infrared camera is guided to observe the target. The combined detection method of radar-guide-infrared can combine the advantages of radar’s long detection range, large coverage area with the high resolution and rich detail information of infrared, which covers the details missing of radar detection and the small view field of infrared. After the radar directs the infrared to the target, we will get the infrared image of target. If there is more than one target, it is necessary to merge the data of the radar channel and infrared channel, so that the targets detected by the radar correspond to the targets of the infrared detection. However, due to the different error sources of radar and infrared detection, the error characteristics of the two channels are greatly different, which makes the target fusion of radar and infrared channel difficult. In order to deal with this problem, first of all, the Extend Kalman filter models for radar channel and infrared channel are designed respectively, which are on the base of the imaging characteristics of radar and infrared. After the filtering of the target position information obtained from radar and infrared channels, the random error of the target and the error of target solution will be reduced. What’s more, the velocity information of the targets will be solved at the same time. After that, the error distribution mathematical models of the radar and the infrared channels will be established. Combine the error distribution models with the filtering results and the relationship between the radar coordinate system and the infrared coordinate system, the probability distribution of the targets in radar image and infrared image will be obtained. Finally, according to the probability of the target distribution, numerical method is used to compute the matching matrix of the targets in radar and infrared images. After dealing with the matching matrix, the target fusion of radar channel and infrared channel is accomplished. After that, according to the target matching result, the radar and infrared data are fused to obtain higher-precision target position information.

Recently, the 3D display of the double observation point based on the parallax barrier has attracted attention because of its dual-view points and 2D/3D display compatibility, especially for display applications for mobile screens. At present, onedimensional integral imaging 3D display based on parallax barrier still has some challenges, such as lower resolution and small viewing angles. In order to increase resolution and the viewing angle, in this paper we analyzes the effect of the parallax barrier and parallax aperture width on the 3D image display under the assumption that the parallax barrier pitch is constant. Firstly, according to the geometric optics, the calculation formula of the resolution and the relationship between the viewing angle of the single slit and the aperture width of the slit are derived, further derive the formula for calculating the viewing angle. We had made a one-dimensional integral imaging dual-view 3D display prototype and studied the viewing angle and crosstalk of 3D images under different parallax aperture parameters. Applying the ideal optimal aperture value that we calculated to the prototype, we can finally see the 3D images of the two virtual scenes without crosstalk in the left 5° to 25°and the right 5° to 25°. The experiment results showed that the resolution and the viewing angle of the one-dimensional integral imaging dual-view 3D display increase with the decrease of the aperture width of the parallax barrier.

A method to improve the quality of the autostereoscopic three-dimensional display system with fabrication error is demonstrated. Influences of fabrication error are very important to the 3D display system of parallax barriers and lenticular sheets. We propose a method to solve the display resolution degradation caused by fabrication error based on region segmentation algorithmic. The proposed method is suitable for the 3D display system of parallax barriers and lenticular sheets. Experimental validation follows. The effects of assembly errors on the quality of integral imaging system are also discussed at the end of this paper.

In recent years, naked-eye 3D display technology that does not require glasses has attracted wide attention. Lenticular array display technology is one that has high luminance efficiency and is becoming the market trend. In this paper, we aim to design, fabricate and demonstrate full-resolution of autostereoscopic displays based on lenticular arrays on fullsize mobile displays. At present, our research has been carried out the optical design and simulation on a PMMA lenticular array. ZEMAX optical simulation software has been used to study the visual area analysis and imaging quality. The design of the PMMA lenticular lens array was completed, and the experimental framework of large-area up to 68x60 mm brass lenticular lens array mold was designed and completed. Ultra-precision machining of the brass mold has been carried out. Our team had also developed a specially constructed tool path generating software for ultra-precision diamond turning of lenticular lens surface onto flat or cylindrical roller surfaces. Tool path generation has been applied for machining the brass lenticular lens array mold. Because of its wide range of applications, the successful development of lenticular arrays will be of interest to the business community for 3D-enabled smartphones.