The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) is one of three planned ground-based optical/IR Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) that will provide a generational leap in ground-based Optical/IR capability. The GMT is part of the United States ELT Program (US-ELTP) which received the top ranking in the National Academies’ ASTRO2020 Decadal Survey. The GMT Project continues to proceed with design, fabrication, and site construction. Our schedule responds to evolving programmatic factors and we are engaged in a process to obtain US federal support for part of the construction and operations scope. Of the seven 8.4m diameter mirror segments comprising the primary mirror, three have been completed with two in storage and with the third undergoing optical testing to demonstrate figure control with the GMT test mirror cell. The remaining four primary mirror segments have been cast and are in various stages of fabrication. The final design of the telescope mount is complete and fabrication is underway. The first off-axis adaptive secondary mirror system is being tested. Results to date from two adaptive optics and phasing testbeds have demonstrated the GMT phasing strategy and continue to be used for risk reduction and component qualification of our wavefront sensing and control strategy. The first generation science instruments are in various stages of development, from design to early fabrication. Hard rock excavation of the foundations for the enclosure and telescope pier is complete, as is the final design of the enclosure. Residence buildings and other facilities and infrastructure needed to support construction at the Las Campanas site in Chile are complete and in operation.
The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) primary mirror subsystem (M1S) consists of seven 8.4m diameter borosilicate primary mirrors that must be maintained at the ambient nighttime air temperature as it changes throughout the observing night to prevent seeing effects at the mirror surface. Additionally, thermal gradients internal to the mirrors must be minimized to prevent figure errors caused by distortions of the mirror due to the non-zero thermal expansion coefficient of the glass. To address these requirements, the GMT M1S team is fabricating a prototype thermal control system design that consists of a sub-critical refrigeration system utilizing high pressure (~30 to ~60 bar) CO2 (R744) refrigerant. This paper describes the design and status of the M1 Subsystem Thermal Control (M1STC).
GMTO has developed a full-scale prototype of the cell that can house an 8.4-meter borosilicate mirror. This test cell is populated with all the active support control hardware and a mass simulator that simulates the mirror weight and the moment of inertia. GMTO has implemented the control software with all the core features needed to operate the active support system. A series of tests have been carried out to verify the functions, performance, and safety of the active support control system. The tests were carried out at several different orientations of the cell to demonstrate that the active support system works with the changing zenith angle and location of the mirror on the telescope mount. This paper describes the results of important safety and dynamic response tests of the active support system.
Large aperture telescopes require active control to maintain focus, collimation, and correct figure errors in the Primary Mirror (M1) due to gravity and thermal deformations. The Giant Magellan Telescope M1 active optics and thermal control systems called the M1 Subsystem (M1S) consists of the hardware and software that controls the shape, position, and thermal state of each mirror segment. A full-scale off-axis M1S prototype called the Test Cell is being fabricated and tested. The primary objective of the Test Cell is to mitigate risk by verifying that the mirror figure and position can be controlled within the image quality error budget and that the thermal control system vibration is within its system level allocation. The M1S components for the active optics support system have been fabricated, assembled, tested at the component level, and integrated into the Test Cell. The team completed the Test Readiness Review and started system level testing with the M1 Device Control Software. Lessons learned throughout the component and integrated system testing of the Test Cell will be incorporated into the M1S design for the production phase. This paper will summarize the progress of the Test Cell and results presented at the Test Readiness Review.
The Giant Magellan Telescope is proceeding with design, fabrication, and site construction. Of the seven 8.4 m diameter mirror segments required for the primary mirror, two have been completed and placed in storage, a third has been polished to specification, three more have been cast and are in various stages of fabrication, and glass is in hand to cast the final segment. The telescope structure is nearing final design review and the start of fabrication. Residence buildings and other facilities needed to support construction at the Las Campanas site in Chile are complete. Hard rock excavation of the foundations for the enclosure and telescope pier is complete. The enclosure is in final design. The first off-axis adaptive secondary mirror is being fabricated, and a primary mirror cell has been fabricated and is under test. Two adaptive optics and phasing testbeds are being fabricated for risk reduction testing and component qualification. Our fabrication and construction schedule is being revised in response to evolving programmatic factors, including the US-ELT initiative, which received the top ranking in the National Academies’ ASTRO2020 Decadal Survey.
The Primary Mirror Device Control System (M1 DCS) is one of the many Device Control Systems (DCS) included in the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) control system and is responsible for the overall control and operation of the GMT primary mirror segments. The primary mirror is composed of seven 8.4m diameter segments, six off-axis and one in the center. The active support system of each segment comprises 170 support actuators for the off-axis segments and 154 actuators for the center segment to control the mirror figure, and 6 hardpoints to control the six degrees of freedom of rigid body motion. The software design follows a component model-based architecture, implemented using the GMT core software frameworks. Software components of the M1 DCS are specified using a custom Domain Specific Language (DSL) and inherit all key features of the core components such as communication ports, default behaviors, telemetry, logs, alarms, faults, state machines and engineering user-interface without the need of a separate implementation. The communication between the real time software and the controlled devices is implemented by an EtherCAT Fieldbus in a ring topology. This master-slave standard protocol enables the control system to reach 100 Hz closed loop rate for active support control. This paper describes the software of the M1 DCS, the tests performed with different software and hardware simulators, and the strategy to ensure software readiness with the final optical mirror.
The Giant Magellan Telescope project is proceeding with design, fabrication, and site construction. The first two 8.4m primary mirror segments have been completed and placed in storage, three segments are in various stages of grinding and polishing, the sixth segment is in the initial stages of casting, and glass is in hand to cast the seventh segment. An industry contract is in place to complete the design and proceed with fabrication of the telescope structure. Residence buildings and other facilities at the Las Campanas site in Chile are complete. Hard rock excavation of the foundations for the enclosure and telescope pier is complete. Preliminary design of the enclosure has been completed and final design is underway. Seismic isolation system bearings have been tested. A primary mirror segment test cell that will be used to qualify control system components and software is being fabricated. Prototyping continues in several areas, including on-telescope wavefront sensing and control elements, telescope laser metrology, and a subscale Adaptive Secondary Mirror (ASM). Adaptive optics and phasing testbeds are under development. Construction activities were delayed by the global coronavirus pandemic, but work has now resumed.
Large aperture telescopes require active control to maintain focus, collimation, and correct figure errors in the Primary Mirror (M1) due to gravity and thermal deformations. The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) M1 active optics subsystem consists of the hardware and software that controls the shape, position, and thermal state of each mirror segment. Pneumatic force actuators support the weight and control the surface figure while linear position actuators control the six solid-body degrees of freedom of each mirror segment. A forced convection system comprised of fan-heat exchanger units control the mean temperature and thermal gradient of each mirror segment. The M1 Subsystem design leverages existing technology and employs innovations driven by more demanding requirements compared to heritage systems. These differences led to the identification of three key GMT project risks: determining if the vibration environment induced by the fan-heat exchanger units and the error in the applied influence functions required to shape the mirror are within image quality budget allocations. The third risk is incorporating damping to the force actuators to meet the seismic requirements. GMT is currently mitigating these risks by integrating a fully functional off-axis M1 Test Cell at the University of Arizona’s Richard F. Caris Mirror Lab. This paper summarizes our requirements and design presented at the M1 Subsystem Preliminary Design Review in June 2019, describes our risk burn-down strategy for the M1 Subsystem, and presents our integration and test progress of the M1 Test Cell.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Actuators, Control systems, Telescopes, Fluctuations and noise, Interfaces, Sensors, Control systems design, Prototyping, Calibration
This paper describes the design, status, and test program for the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) Primary Mirror Subsystem (M1). It consists of the mirror cells, positioning system, support systems, and thermal control system. The seven 8.4m mirror segments are excluded from this paper because they are considered a separate subsystem of the M1 System.
The M1 Subsystem leverages heritage design of similar telescope systems; for example, the Magellan telescopes and the Large Binocular Telescope. The M1 Subsystem incorporates pneumatic force actuators, hardpoints, and a thermal control ventilation system.
Design developments have been introduced to address the challenging levels of performance and unique requirements needed by the GMT telescope. Imaging goals necessitate an increase in mirror support performance, figure control, and higher-levels of thermal control. Additionally, there are challenges associated with matching and tracking the relative position of the seven mirror segments for mirror phasing. The design of the static support system needs to protect the mirrors from loads transmitted through the structure during an earthquake. Finally, the telescope design with interchangeable off-axis mirror cells necessitate mirror cells and support components that function under any range of gravitational vector orientations
. A full-scale Test Cell prototype is being constructed including production versions of mirror cell components to test and validate the M1 subsystem design. A Mirror Simulator will be used with the Test Cell to validate the M1 Control System. Later, a primary mirror segment will be used with the Test Cell to perform optical tests at the University of Arizona.
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