Accurate quantification of photosensitizers is in many cases a critical issue in photodynamic therapy. As a noninvasive and sensitive tool, fluorescence imaging has attracted particular interest for quantification in pre-clinical research. However, due to the absorption of excitation and emission light by turbid media, such as biological tissue, the detected fluorescence signal does not have a simple and unique dependence on the fluorophore concentration for different tissues, but depends in a complex way on other parameters as well. For this reason, little has been done on drug quantification in vivo by the fluorescence imaging technique. In this paper we present a novel approach to compensate for the light absorption in homogeneous turbid media both for the excitation and emission light, utilizing time-resolved fluorescence white Monte Carlo simulations combined with the Beer-Lambert law. This method shows that the corrected fluorescence intensity is almost proportional to the absolute fluorophore concentration. The results on controllable tissue phantoms and murine tissues are presented and show good correlations between the evaluated fluorescence intensities after the light-absorption correction and absolute fluorophore concentrations. These results suggest that the technique potentially provides the means to quantify the fluorophore concentration from fluorescence images.
We report for the first time continuous flow synthesis of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ upconverting nanocrystals in a
capillary-based microfluidic reaction system. Two sequential temperature steps were employed for heating with
an initial high temperature (180°C) to burst nuclei and a subsequent low temperature (110°C) to promote
growth of the nanocrystals in order to obtain high-performance nanocrystals. The prepared nanocrystals emit
bright green and red emissions under excitation of 974 nm diode laser. Our research opens the door for the
synthesis of upconverting nanocrystals in microfluidic systems.
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