We have proposed virtual-phase-conjugation-based optical tomography (VPC-OT) using a virtual phase conjugation technology for single-shot and three-dimensional optical tomography. In VPC-OT, a random-spatial-phase-modulated probe beam is irradiated to the sample to be measured, and the complex amplitude of the signal composed of a superimposition of light reflected from each layer of the sample is measured. A three-dimensional tomogram of intensity and phase is obtained by reproducing the measured complex amplitude using a phase conjugate wave in a virtual optical system built in a computer. At this time, by changing the parameters of the virtual optical system, it becomes possible to obtain information of various tomographic planes from the data obtained with a single measurement. In the ideal virtual phase conjugate reproduction process, free space propagation can be assumed; however, in the actual measurement, due to the distortion of the waves and the surroundings of the sample to be measured, a mismatch will occur in modulation and demodulation, and the separation accuracy between different tomographic planes would be degraded. We perform an experiment to clarify the characteristics of VPC-OT in this situation. In this experiment, three-dimensional optical tomography is performed using an etching glass having a periodic structure of 30 μm as a sample, and the phase distribution is measured quantitatively. Furthermore, by placing a cover glass in front of the object and performing the same measurement, we discuss the characteristics and performance of VPC-OT when there is an optical distortion around the sample to be measured.
In mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems, transmission quality is restricted by differential mode delay (DMD). We have proposed and developed a spatial-mode exchange technique using volume holograms (VHET) as a leading technology to reduce DMD. VHET can equilibrate the transmission time of each spatial mode which has different transmission speeds in a few mode fiber using a volume hologram. This technology enables low signal distortion and high spectral efficiency, which are indispensable to the long-haul transmission for the MDM system. However, in this technology, modal cross-talks (MXTs), which are caused by inter-page cross-talks in the volume hologram, seriously degrade the performance of VHET. In this study, we proposed a method of combining a volume hologram and a random optical diffuser to reduce the MXTs. In our method, the intensity distribution of the input spatial mode is diffused uniformly by a random optical diffuser. The high exchange performance will be attained because the non-targeted holograms included in the multiplexed holograms do not affect most of the spatial mode. Moreover, our method can be applied to the communication wavelength bands using the dual wavelength method. We confirmed the basic operation of the proposed scheme using a linearly polarized mode group comprising LP0,1, LP1,1, and LP2,1. Compared with the conventional VHET, the simulation results show that the maximum MXTs are significantly suppressed from 0.4 to -15.8 dB.
In this research, we propose a mode selective switch (MSS) using volume holograms. MSS is a device that distributes the mode-division multiplexed (MDM) signal to different output ports for each spatial mode component contained in the signal. Using MSS, the function of reconfigurable optical add / drop multiplexer (ROADM) can be implemented, which can manipulate arbitrary spatial mode signal at any position in the next generation MDM network. In our proposed MSS, the incident signal is separated into spatial mode components by the volume hologram on the input side. The signal destination will be selected for each mode by diffracting independently. The spatial mode components are separated in direction of the plurality of volume holograms on the output side using a spatial light modulator (SLM). In the volume hologram on the output side, the multiple spatial mode components are recombined and emitted once again as an MDM signal. This method has the advantageous that one volume hologram can multiplex or de-multiplex multiple modes, allowing it to cope easily with the increase in the number of modes and ports to be multiplexed. In the experiment, the optical signal lights of three-mode are separated for each spatial mode by the volume hologram on the input side, and the switching to either of the two ports on the output side is successfully performed for each mode using the SLM.
In the space division multiplexing system, differential mode delay (DMD) is an essential parameter for transmission quality and signal processing. In this paper, we proposed the collective measurement method for the DMD of each core in fewmode multi-core fiber (FM-MCF) using low-coherence digital holography (LCDH). In the conventional method, given that the DMD of each core needs to be measured individually, the number of measurements increases in proportion to the number of cores, which causes fluctuation of the measurement conditions. In contrast, the proposed method reduces the measurement time and realizes the accurate measurement under the same conditions for all cores. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed method by using 6-mode 19-core fiber as a fiber under test. As a result, DMD values were successfully measured for all 19 cores.
In the mode division multiplexing (MDM) system, differential mode delay (DMD) restricts the quality of transmission. Thus, it is necessary to precisely measure DMD for compensation and system design. The DMD measurement method using low-coherence digital holography (LCDH) has been proposed. This method can obtain not only accurate DMD but also spatial mode fields. However, in this method, an SMF as the reference arm is needed and its length should be particularly adjusted to a fiber under test (FUT) for low-coherence interferometric measurement. We propose a DMD measurement method by reference-free low-coherence digital holography (RF-LCDH). In the proposed method, we generate a new optical path from the light emitted from the FUT, which is regard as internal-reference light. The proposed method enables us to obtain DMD and spatial mode fields without the SMF as the reference arm by using internal-reference light. In the experiment, we measured DMD of a 10-mode fiber to confirm the basic operation of the proposed method. As the result, without using additional SMFs for reference arm, the proposed method achieved the measurement accuracy which was in good agreement with that of the conventional method.
In a mode division multiplexing (MDM) transmission using few-mode fibers (FMFs), differential modal gain (DMG) in amplifiers and mode dependent loss (MDL) cause deterioration in signal quality. Therefore, the techniques which selectively attenuate multiplexed modes and equalize optical powers among mode channels are required for a long-haul MDM transmission. In this paper, we propose a selective mode attenuator using phase-intensity-phase (PIP) modulation. The PIP modulation, consisting of a cascade of two phase and one intensity modulation masks connected by optical Fourier transforms (OFTs), makes it possible to selectively attenuate multiplexed mode channels with high accuracy. In the proposed method, the intensity distributions of spatial modes are converted by the phase modulation and OFT, before doing attenuation by intensity mask located between the two phase masks. Due to the action of a pair of phase masks having phase conjugate relations, accurately selective mode attenuation can be performed even if the number of modes is increased over three. To confirm the basic operation of the proposed method, we perform a numerical simulation for power equalization among six spatial modes (LP01, LP11a, LP11b, LP21a, LP21b, and LP02) having different powers. The phase and intensity masks are designed by using simulated annealing. Moreover, we also evaluate modal crosstalk (MXT) characteristics and the wavelength dependence of the equalization in C-band. The results show that the optical powers of all modes are successfully equalized for any wavelengths and the MXT smaller than −25 dB were achieved between all modes.
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